摘要
为研究施氮量与栽插密度对南疆水稻氮素利用效率及产量的影响,开展施氮量为主区、栽插密度为副区的裂区试验,分析新稻36号的群体LAI、NR活性、氮素吸收与转运及产量变化。结果显示:适当增施氮肥和适宜密植有利于提高群体LAI和叶片NR活性,其中LAI在施氮量360 kg/h
新疆南疆是典型的荒漠绿洲区,在塔里木河、叶尔羌河及和田河流域上游地带具有较充足的水资源,能够满足水稻生育期生长所需水
试验于2021年在新疆农业科学院粮食作物研究所阿克苏地区温宿县水稻试验站进行。该试验区位于塔里木盆地西北边缘,海拔1 012.2 m,年平均气温10.8 ℃,年均降水量51.3 mm,年均蒸发量1 988.4 mm,年均相对湿度在55%以下。土壤质地为沙壤土,耕作层土壤pH为8.0,含盐量7.4 g/kg,含有机质17.7 g/kg,碱解氮119.4 mg/kg,速效磷48.8 mg/kg,速效钾220.0 mg/kg。
选用中晚熟粳型水稻品种新稻36号为试验材料,开展施氮量为主区、栽插密度为副区的双因素裂区试验,其中施氮量设4个水平:无氮N0(不施氮肥,CK)、低氮N1(纯氮120 kg/h
1)叶面积指数(LAI)。于返青期、分蘖初期、分蘖中期、分蘖末期、拔节期、穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期在各小区取3穴稻株,量取所有绿叶长和宽。单叶面积=长×宽×0.75,再计算叶面积指数(LAI)。
2)硝酸还原酶活性。于水稻返青期、分蘖期、拔节期、穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期各处理取有代表性的3穴水稻植株叶片,使用全波长多功能酶标仪Infinite R 200测定。
3)氮素利用率。于水稻拔节期、穗期、完熟期各处理选取3穴有代表性的稻株,将稻株按茎鞘、叶、穗三部分分开,用纸袋装好并做标记,放入烘箱105 ℃杀青后,80 ℃烘干至恒质量。使用微型植物粉碎机将各个部分进行磨粉,用Thermo Fisher scientific Flashsmart元素分析仪测定不同处理下植株各器官氮含量,并计算氮素积累
4)产量。于成熟期每小区实割100穴,从中取有代表性的10穴稻株测定其产量构成因素,然后对实割稻穗脱粒测定产量。
不同施氮量与栽插密度处理对有效穗数有较大影响(

图1 不同施氮量与栽插密度处理的产量和有效穗数比较
Fig. 1 Comparison of yield and panicle weight under different nitrogen application rates and planting densities
由

图2 各时期水稻LAI动态对施氮量与栽插密度的响应
Fig. 2 Response of LAI dynamics of rice to nitrogen application rate and density at different stages
RS、ETS、MTS、LTS、JS、FHS、FS、WRS和FRS分别表示返青期、分蘖初期、分蘖中期、分蘖末期、拔节期、齐穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期和完熟期。下同。RS, ETS, MTS, LTS, MJS, FHS, FS,WRS and FRS represent rejuvenation stage, early tillering stage, middle tillering stage, late tillering stage, jointing stage, full heading stage, filling stage,wax ripening stage and full ripe stage respectively. The same as below.
同等栽插密度条件下,随施氮量提高,群体平均LAI增加,以N3的LAI最高(6.77),较N0、N1和N2分别增加50.92%、31.03%和6.97%。群体平均叶面积指数从大到小依次为N3>N2>N1>N0,N3较N0、N1和N3分别增加103.72%、61.60%和21.66%。在同一施氮量条件下,随栽插密度增加,群体平均最高LAI呈现先增后降的趋势,以D4的平均LAI最大(5.51),较D1、D2、D3、D5分别增加18.73%、12.90%、5.13%和4.86%;群体平均LAI各处理表现为D4>D5>D3>D2>D1,D4较D1、D2、D3、D5分别增加25.76%、14.22%、9.21%和8.36%。组合处理中N3D4的最高LAI最大,达6.27;其次是N3D5和N3D3,N0D1最小,仅为3.46。N3D4的最终叶面积指数最大,达4.17,其次是N3D5和N3D3,N0D1最小,仅为1.62。不同施氮量下群体最高LAI和最平均LAI的变异系数(CV)分别为18.43%、30.60%,不同栽插密度下群体最高LAI和平均LAI的CV分别为6.72%、8.29%,说明施氮量对叶面积指数的影响更大。
由

图3 各时期水稻NR活性对施氮量与栽插密度的响应
Fig. 3 Response of NR activity of rice to nitrogen application rate and density at different stages
根据

图4 施氮量与栽插密度对南疆水稻氮素积累的影响
Fig. 4 Effects of nitrogen application rate and density on nitrogen accumulation of rice in Southern Xinjiang
在同一栽插密度情况下,茎鞘与叶片的氮积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,其氮积累量占整株氮积累量的比例增加且差异显著,其中,在完熟期N3处理的茎叶氮积累占氮积累总量的比例达0.49,较N0、N2、N1分别增加了27.24%、25.05%和19.63%。在同一施氮量条件下,随栽插密度增加,茎鞘、叶片和穗部氮积累呈先增后降的趋势,以D4处理最大,茎叶氮积累量占整株氮积累量的比例变化不明显,完熟期在0.42~0.43。处理组合中N3D4、N3D5的茎叶氮积累量最大,其次是N2D3、N2D4处理,而穗部氮积累量最高的是N2D4和N2D5,其次是N2D3,可见N2处理配合D3~D5的组合有利于各器官氮素积累。
由
施氮量 N application rate | 栽插密度Density | 茎鞘 Stem-sheaths | 叶 Leaves | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
氮转运量/(kg/h N translocation amount | 氮转运率/% N translocation efficiency | 贡献率/% Contributionrate | 氮转运量/(kg/h N translocation amount | 氮转运率/% N transocation efficiency | 贡献率/% Contributionrate | ||
N0 | D1 | 3.98±0.14d | 12.61±0.03 e | 5.21±0.01d | 12.88±0.42c | 30.88±0.02 e | 16.86±0.02c |
D2 | 11.13±1.79c | 29.32±2.93c | 11.66±1.64c | 20.23±2.51b | 39.75±2.50c | 21.21±2.20b | |
D3 | 10.57±1.35c | 26.87±1.62d | 10.74±0.88c | 21.05±1.13b | 36.11±0.92d | 21.48±0.85b | |
D4 | 16.98±0.31b | 34.42±0.57b | 15.74±0.40b | 31.91±0.53a | 47.20±0.46a | 29.58±0.55a | |
D5 | 24.38±1.49a | 41.72±1.03a | 22.26±0.95a | 30.13±1.84a | 41.82±1.03b | 27.51±1.17a | |
均值 Mean | 13.41 | 28.99 | 13.12 | 23.24 | 39.15 | 23.33 | |
N1 | D1 | 21.73±1.98b | 41.15±0.83b | 20.68±0.71b | 30.68±2.70c | 45.08±0.78c | 29.20±0.92d |
D2 | 20.93±0.52b | 38.56±0.25c | 19.41±0.21bc | 31.65±0.83c | 44.31±0.23c | 29.34±0.27d | |
D3 | 20.36±2.53b | 36.09±2.64d | 15.56±1.75c | 43.57±4.31b | 49.59±2.08b | 33.28±2.73c | |
D4 | 29.99±2.53a | 42.69±0.93b | 20.70±0.80b | 52.61±5.95a | 48.88±1.63b | 36.26±2.36b | |
D5 | 31.28±0.49a | 45.37±0.42a | 23.16±0.40a | 53.79±0.96a | 52.83±0.37a | 39.82±0.58a | |
均值 Mean | 24.86 | 40.77 | 19.90 | 42.46 | 48.14 | 33.58 | |
N2 | D1 | 32.59±2.57d | 42.66±0.13b | 22.71±0.12d | 38.98±3.07d | 42.05±0.13c | 27.17±0.14c |
D2 | 33.71±3.13d | 40.55±1.51c | 23.99±1.50c | 50.67±4.17c | 48.72±1.30b | 36.08±1.88b | |
D3 | 50.01±3.78c | 50.57±1.54a | 33.04±2.02b | 59.94±4.63b | 49.23±1.58ab | 39.61±2.49a | |
D4 | 61.16±2.38a | 52.04±0.82a | 36.57±1.18a | 68.19±2.69a | 51.24±0.83a | 40.77±1.34a | |
D5 | 56.25±2.54b | 52.80±1.02a | 35.29±1.44a | 60.17±2.92b | 48.80±1.10b | 37.74±1.67ab | |
均值 Mean | 46.74 | 47.73 | 30.32 | 55.59 | 48.01 | 36.27 | |
N3 | D1 | 35.88±2.51bc | 42.41±0.19b | 31.96±0.24a | 42.56±2.98d | 41.82±0.19b | 37.92±0.29d |
D2 | 39.84±1.82a | 45.20±1.22 a | 33.67±1.65 a | 55.61±2.33c | 49.50±1.13a | 47.00±2.10b | |
D3 | 38.67±2.71ab | 41.49±1.25b | 31.98±1.64a | 62.39±3.89ab | 49.25±1.08a | 51.60±2.23a | |
D4 | 34.22±1.88c | 32.36±1.35d | 25.33±1.56b | 58.43±2.60bc | 42.80±1.14b | 43.24±2.01c | |
D5 | 34.79±1.01c | 35.05±1.64c | 26.33±1.90b | 64.44±0.65a | 47.67±1.32a | 48.74±2.59ab | |
均值 Mean | 36.68 | 39.30 | 29.86 | 56.69 | 46.21 | 45.70 | |
方差分析 Analysis of variance | |||||||
F | N |
555.57 |
190.69 |
264.15 |
418.08 |
105.45 |
222.27 |
D |
129.27 |
70.53 |
44.91 |
164.17 |
72.71 |
64.87 | |
N×D |
44.39 |
80.65 |
47.29 |
8.32 |
20.96 |
8.78 |
注: 同列不同小写字母表示同一施氮水平下不同栽插密度间差异显著(P<0.05)。方差分析中**表示效应存在极显著差异(P<0.01),下同。Note:Different small in the same column mean significant difference (P<0.05) in different density treatments at the same irrigation level.** indicate significant difference in effect at 0.01 level.The same as below.
栽插密度与施氮量对营养器官转运与贡献率的影响效应均达极显著水平(P<0.01),其中施氮量处理的茎鞘、叶片中氮转运量的CV分别为47.48%和35.01%,氮转运贡献率的CV分别为35.69%和26.51%;而栽插密度处理的茎鞘、叶片中氮转运量的CV分别为18.70%和20.46%,氮转运贡献率的CV分别为10.75%和12.42%,均小于氮素供应。可见,栽插密度、氮肥对群体氮素转运特征影响较大,且在籽粒氮素积累与贡献率上,氮素效应大于栽插密度效应。茎鞘和叶片的转运量、转运效率及贡献率的氮密耦合效应达极显著水平,说明合理的氮密组合能够促进营养器官向籽粒转运氮素,以N2D4处理效果更显著。
由
施氮量 N application rate | 栽插密度Density | 氮肥农学利用率/(kg/kg) N agronomic utilization efficiency | 氮肥偏生产力/(kg/kg) N fertilizer partial productivity | 氮素收获指数/% N harvest index | 氮素吸收效率/(kg/kg) N uptake efficiency | 氮素利用效率/% N utilization efficiency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N0 | D1 | 43.49±0.25a | ||||
D2 | 41.21±0.08a | |||||
D3 | 42.23±0.03a | |||||
D4 | 40.99±3.67a | |||||
D5 | 36.02±0.89b | |||||
均值 Mean | 40.79 | |||||
N1 | D1 | 19.29±1.79a | 67.42±3.57c | 46.72±0.19a | 1.11±0.04e | 33.68±4.70c |
D2 | 18.45±1.54a | 70.73±0.64b | 46.95±1.99a | 1.27±0.03d | 24.03±2.73d | |
D3 | 11.44±1.28c | 69.13±1.43bc | 39.42±2.17b | 1.37±0.06c | 39.40±7.78b | |
D4 | 16.12±1.55b | 76.14±5.73a | 38.09±1.02b | 1.47±0.04b | 52.97±12.43a | |
D5 | 6.51±0.27d | 62.16±2.17d | 33.79±1.09c | 1.54±0.03a | 29.61±5.18c | |
均值 Mean | 14.36 | 69.12 | 40.99 | 1.35 | 35.94 | |
N2 | D1 | 21.22±1.16b | 45.28±2.05c | 45.21±1.29a | 0.75±0.03 d | 45.05±5.63a |
D2 | 19.47±0.03b | 45.61±0.52c | 45.14±0.87a | 0.88±0.06c | 37.66±1.76b | |
D3 | 20.65±2.35b | 49.50±3.71b | 45.39±2.98a | 1.00±0.05a | 40.70±2.91ab | |
D4 | 26.69±0.32a | 56.69±1.81a | 47.17±0.67a | 0.92±0.03b | 46.84±3.60a | |
D5 | 17.81±1.65c | 45.63±2.86c | 40.16±2.34b | 1.00±0.07a | 36.39±0.94b | |
均值 Mean | 21.17 | 48.54 | 44.61 | 0.91 | 41.33 | |
N3 | D1 | 8.52±0.03b | 24.56±0.57c | 40.31±2.21bc | 0.61±0.05c | 24.32±3.58ab |
D2 | 8.51±0.80b | 25.93±1.14bc | 41.79±0.93b | 0.62±0.01bc | 19.75±0.48b | |
D3 | 8.15±0.29b | 27.38±1.19b | 41.15±0.67b | 0.67±0.02b | 20.97±0.29b | |
D4 | 15.95±1.40a | 35.95± 2.79a | 45.36±1.61a | 0.79±0.03a | 30.25±4.25a | |
D5 | 9.91±0.08b | 28.46±0.87b | 38.27±0.48c | 0.74±0.03a | 22.93±2.24ab | |
均值 Mean | 10.21 | 28.46 | 41.38 | 0.69 | 23.64 | |
方差分析 Analysis of variance | ||||||
N |
292.76 |
2 181.61 |
13.50 |
1 929.54 |
35.35 | |
D |
43.02 |
46.56 |
24.66 |
102.56 |
13.62 | |
N×D |
16.48 |
4.20 |
5.74 |
13.68 |
2.66 |
相关分析表明(

图5 氮素利用率相关指标与干物质、产量之间的相关性
Fig. 5 Correlation between nitrogen utilization rate and dry matter and yield
NGU:氮肥农学利用率 N agronomic utilization efficiency; NFP:氮肥偏生产力 N fertilizer partial productivity; NHI:氮素收获指数 N harvest index; NUE:氮素吸收效率 N uptake efficiency;NUTE 氮素利用效率 N utilization efficiency; SNTA:茎鞘氮转运量 Stem-sheaths N translocation amount; SNTE:茎鞘氮转运率 Stem-sheaths N translocation efficiency; SCR:茎鞘贡献率 Stem-sheaths contribution rate; LNTA:叶氮转运量 Leaves N translocation amount; LNTE:叶氮转运率 Leaves N transocation efficiency;LCR:叶贡献率 Contribution rate; Y:产量 Yield.
合理的LAI能够充分为籽粒供给养
NR活性是影响植物氮同化的直接因
梁青铎
周江明
水稻产量与有效穗数关系密切,施氮量与密度均对群体有效穗数与产量有显著影响。施氮量低,个体发育不良,有效穗数减少。本研究中施氮量为240 kg/h
只有在适当增加氮肥用量基础上,发挥较高密度下有效穗数显著提高的优势,充分利用南疆丰富的光热资源,才能达到氮素利用与产量协同提高的效果。本研究结果表明,在240 kg/h
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