摘要
干旱已成为制约我国农业发展的关键环境因素之一。植物因固着生长,当外界水分因子变化时不能主动逃避胁迫,只能依赖自身机制来抵御外界胁迫,因此,植物的耐干性研究显得十分迫切。本文对前人有关植物耐干研究的工作进行了综述,重点阐明了耐干植物的分类、耐干植物在失水再复水期间形态结构、生理及分子水平上的响应机制,以期为挖掘耐干植物耐干基因、创制耐干种质资源和培育耐干新品种提供新思路。
气候变化是全球农业生产面临的严峻挑战,事关粮食安全、社会稳定和经济发展。近些年,随着全球极端天气频发、并发,土地日趋沙漠化、生态平衡遭到破坏、水资源短缺等危机俨然已成为全人类面对的重要生态问题。而耐干植物具有其他普通陆生植物无法比拟的植物体耐干特性,是不可多得的开展抗逆研究的好材料,特别是复水时强大的细胞保护和修复机制已成为抗逆分子生物学领域的研究热点。近些年,学者们对耐干植物的研究日益广泛,主要集中在阐明其脱水过程中的生理生化特性、发掘植物体自身耐干资源和耐干基因、解析植物耐干分子机制等方面。在此基础上,本文对耐干植物耐干特性及复水机制的研究进行了综述,系统阐述了耐干植物的分类、耐干植物在失水再复水过程中的形态结构、生理及分子水平上的响应机制,以期为耐干基因的鉴定及后续耐干植物的开发应用提供理论依据。
植物与干旱环境之间存在复杂的相互作用,经过漫长的进化,植物已经从形态结构、生理生化及分子水平等多个层面进化出应对干旱胁迫的机制。前人研究表明,耐干植物主要是通过糖和脯氨酸等渗透调节物质的累积提高细胞渗透性,利用抗氧化酶降低干旱造成的植物体活性氧伤害,从而维持植物体内的水分含量,防止细胞内水分的散失,维持细胞结构的稳定性,忍耐干旱胁迫得以生
生长在干旱地区的植物能够与周围环境的水势达到平衡,意味着植物对脱水具有一定的耐受能力。耐干植物(desiccation tolerance plants)属于耐旱植物的一个特殊类群,也称为复苏植物(resurrection plants

图1 植物耐受干旱的程
Fig.1 The degree of desiccation-tolerance in plants
研究表明,耐干植物虽然不具备特殊的保水或吸水结构,但可以通过细胞的耐失水性来保证大分子物质结构在干旱失水时不受破坏,或当受到破坏后可被修复。这种特殊的耐失水性赋予了耐干植物耐受高强度干旱的能力,从而在极端环境中存活。目前,在世界范围内已记录200余种耐干植
目前,耐干植物主要分为不完全耐干植物和完全耐干植物2种类型。
不完全耐干植物(modified desiccation-tolerant plants)主要指在缓慢干燥情况下存活的类群,如非洲复原草(Sporobolus stapfianus)、东北多足蕨(Polypodium virginianum)等。在干旱失水条件下,不完全耐干植物能够在结构上对失水过程产生积极响应,降低失水速度,以此方式保护植物体本身,还能通过一定的生化调节来保护代谢不平衡所引起的损
失水胁迫发生时,光照也能够激发植物体内产生较多的能量,进而直接产生氧自由基,对植物的光系统元件造成巨大危
完全耐干植物(fully desiccation-tolerant plants)以耐干苔藓为代表,指在失水过程中植物体内的含水量与外界环境的含水量可达到平衡,即便在快速失水过程中仍然能够保持存活,这一点是被子植物无法做到
在长期的系统进化过程中,耐干植物形成了许多特殊的形态结构与生理变化来适应这种极端的干旱环境,如:耐干苔藓利用芒尖降低紫外辐射带来的损伤;通过叶片卷缩以降低蒸腾作用;利用叶片上的绒毛附属物避免紫外辐射伤害
在完全耐干植物“复水(hydration)-失水(dehydration)-再复水(rehydration)”过程中,何时发生细胞损伤?这一科学问题是研究植物耐干机制的关键。利用光学显微镜观察耐干苔藓植物山墙藓(Tortula ruralis)细胞脱水实验,发现细胞会发生质壁分离现象,原生质体浓缩、细胞中空、叶绿体变小变圆,但细胞核基本不受脱水的影
干旱胁迫诱导的细胞结构变化与抗氧化损伤之间存在密切联系。一方面,胁迫发生时,蛋白质巯基氧化使蛋白质发生变性,色素含量下降,光合系统受损;另一方面,随着脂质过氧化程度加深,过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)等含量增加,自由脂肪酸在膜上逐渐沉
在失水-复水期间,光合细胞器是关键的代谢部位,也是产生氧化胁迫分子的重要结构,又是极易受到损伤的细胞器。相关研究发现,耐干植物的光合系统在失水-复水期间能够保持生理结构的相对完整。进一步研究发现,耐干植物在复水阶段,细胞类囊体基本不受蛋白质合成抑制剂的影响,光反应功能迅速恢复,但CO2吸收固定恢复的过程则相对缓慢,推测可能原因是此过程需要一些叶绿体基因组编码蛋白的参
耐干植物应对脱水胁迫倾向于加强保护、减少损伤的机制,不需要消耗太多能量,主要通过特殊应答蛋白响应(如分子伴侣、胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白、水分通道蛋白、光诱导蛋白等)以及信号转导等过程,参与耐干保护。
分子伴侣(molecular chaperones)是指在序列上没有相关性,但在细胞中能够帮助其他核酸(或多肽)进行折叠、转运、组装与分解的一类蛋白,在DNA复制、转录和信号转导等过程中发挥重要作
在非生物胁迫诱导的一系列植物细胞保护蛋白中,胚胎发育晚期丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant proteins,LEA)的相关研究备受关
水通道蛋白(aquaporin,AQP)组成了水分运输的特异性通道,属于主要膜内在蛋白(major intrinsic proteins,MIPs),在植物水分运输过程中起着关键作
早期光诱导蛋白(early light-induced protein, ELIP)在耐干苔藓的光系统保护和修复过程中发挥了重要作用。Zeng
脱落酸(ABA)是一类重要的植物激素,在调控植物的生长发育以及逆境胁迫中发挥重要的作用,营养组织耐旱性诱导一般可分为ABA诱导和非ABA诱导2种类
本文从形态、生理和分子等多层面概述了耐干植物失水-复水的细胞结构变化和耐干机制,但无可否认的是目前研究结果仅是冰山一角。要全面揭示植物耐干的分子机制,并利用这种耐干机制进行农作物遗传改良还需进行深入的研究。
目前已有个别耐干植物的全基因组、转录组、蛋白组等测序完成,如复活草 (Oropetium thomaeum)、齿肋赤藓 (Syntrichia caninervis Mitt.)、旋蒴苣苔 (Boea hygrometrica)等。耐干基因的分离鉴定也取得了一定进展。目前利用耐干苔藓齿肋赤藓,已经克隆了耐干基因60余个,包括AP2/ERF和ABI转录因子家族基因、乙醛脱氢酶ALDH家族基因、光捕获蛋白Elip以及ScAPD1⁃like抗大丽轮枝菌相关基因等,并成功将耐干基因ScALDH21应用至陆地棉等农作物的遗传改良中提高植物的耐干
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