摘要
大田滴灌在新疆地区大规模应用取得了非常显著的经济、社会和生态效益,但不同区域应用时,对土壤水盐平衡及地下水动态的影响也各异。为准确掌握长期节水灌溉对新疆农田土壤水盐及地下水埋深的影响,本文系统梳理了新疆大田滴灌的发展历程及取得成效,分析了长期大田滴灌以来耕层土壤水分状况、南北疆的主要灌区农田地下潜水埋深、耕层土壤盐分再分布的变化情况,并从维护新疆水土资源可持续利用角度提出4条对策与建议:“两水”统观统用构建安全地下水位埋深、灌溉洗盐结合维持良好农田耕层、区域统防统治实现区域水土可持续、节水降盐为核心提升区域农业资源利用效率,为进一步开展新疆农业水资源可持续利用提供参考和方向。节水抑盐是新疆农业可持续发展的战略举措,但如何实现干旱盐碱区水土资源的高效利用,探索和遵循水盐平衡这个科学问题值得长久关注。
主持人语:我国新疆地处欧亚腹地,系典型的大陆性气候,日照时间长,降雨量少,昼夜温差大,空气湿度小。新疆独特的地理条件、气候条件和自然资源形成了其农业的3个鲜明特点:绿洲农业、灌溉农业和机械化农业。因而,新疆农业组织化程度高,集团化特色突出,具有较高的管理水平和较强的科技创新和应用能力。为加快推进新疆地区农业农村现代化,传播新疆特色农业的原创性新成果、新技术,促进学科交叉融合,发挥科技服务产业作用,提高农牧业发展整体水平和农业综合生产能力,本刊特设“新疆特色农业”专集,向本领域专家征稿,共采纳综述和研究论文31篇。专集聚焦新疆现代高效农业、生态与环境、水肥一体化、特色林果、畜牧业、智慧农业、生物育种、种质资源、农业机械化等领域研究成果,希望通过本专集的交流和分享,为新疆农业发展增添新的智慧、方法和技术,进一步推动新疆地区农业绿色健康快速发展。

姜存仓
“三山夹两盆”形成的封闭地形以及河湖沉积物的成土母质是新疆土壤盐碱形成的客观条件,也是新疆地区干旱少雨的主要原因。据最新数据统计,新疆现有耕地70 400 k
新中国成立以来,新疆节水灌溉得到了飞速发展,经历了大水漫灌到沟畦灌―喷灌―膜下滴灌3个阶段,走出了一条借鉴和创新相结合的节水灌溉发展之
虽然新疆在滴灌节水技术实施上取得了一定的成就,但大田滴灌改变了原有农田水盐分
为准确掌握新疆长期节水灌溉对土壤水盐及地下水埋深的影响,本文通过系统梳理新疆实施大田滴灌以来农田土壤水盐和地下水的变化情况,归纳不同区域的水盐分布特征,分析长期滴灌对生态环境的影响,并提出相应建议,以期为推进新疆农田高效节水灌溉、做好盐碱地等耕地后备资源开发利用提供参考。
1996年,兵团引进了以色列成套滴灌设备,在八师121团的大田棉花上进行了试验示

图1 新疆节水灌溉面积现
Fig.1 Water-saving irrigation area in Xinjian
A: 全疆;B: 兵团. A:Total Xinjiang; B: Corps.
整体上,自大田滴灌技术应用以来,全疆节水灌溉呈现出快速发展态势,节水灌溉耕地占比达60.9%;其中兵团的节水灌溉发展优于自治区,北疆优于南疆和东疆。
新疆大田滴灌技术的大规模推广和应用,取得了显著的经济、社会和生态效益。农田毛用水量从2000年的12 535
作物Crops | 自治区 Autonomous region | 兵团Corps | 全疆Total Xinjiang | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2000 | 2020 | 2000 | 2020 | 2000 | 2020 | |
小麦 Wheat | 4 836.77 | 5 486.19 | 4 915.54 | 7 098.17 | 4 848.22 | 5 674.89 |
玉米 Maize | 7 797.62 | 8 833.36 | 7 543.37 | 11 987.24 | 7 779.80 | 9 177.11 |
棉花 Cotton | 1 481.64 | 2 062.83 | 1 689.47 | 2 394.10 | 1 541.62 | 2 148.31 |
笔者所在团队连续9 a对比试验结果表明:在等灌溉量条件下,膜下滴灌能显著提高玉米产量和灌溉水利用率,9 a增产8.79%~24.10%,平均增产14.35%;膜下滴灌灌溉水利用率提高14.3%。另外,新疆小麦氮、磷、钾肥的平均利用率分别为41.4%、21.8%和45.2%;玉米氮、磷、钾肥的平均利用率分别为46.9%、20.5%和49.6
以前新疆大田作物主要采用的是大水漫灌的方
与传统灌溉相比,滴灌耕层土壤总水量较低,但根区有效含水量较高。生育期内土壤含水量在垂直方向上呈现出由地表向深层递增的趋势,水平方向上呈现出由滴灌带向行间递增的趋
地下水动态变化是一个复杂的水文过程,受到气候变化和人类活动的共同影
新疆地下水埋深与分布受水文、气象、地形地貌和人为因素等影响;平原区地下水埋深经历了先减小后增大的过程。其中灌溉面积扩大、农田灌溉耗水量增大是地下水资源量变化的根本原
1)玛纳斯河流域。1964-1987年,石河子地下水埋深每年下降0.35~0.52
2)阿克苏-阿拉尔灌溉区。1953-1962年农区由开垦前的4~6 m上升到1~3
3)喀什地区。不同灌区存在一定差异,其中喀什葛尔灌区1980-1989年地下水埋深为4 m左右,1990-1993年为7 m左右,1998年为11 m左右,2012年为15 m左
4)奎屯河流域。1994-2003年乌苏市地下水埋深呈波动下降,每年下降0.25~0.38
5)其他区域。由于均为单一文献且数据不完整、不连续,地下水位埋深整体上有升有降,未能连续统计,如克拉玛依农业综合开发区1997-2013年呈持续上升趋势,共上升约6.85
笔者所在研究项目团队于2022年6-7月间分别对玛纳斯河流域、阿克苏-阿拉尔灌溉区、喀什地区进行了土壤和地下水采样,结果表明:(1)玛纳斯河流域。除水库周边,其他区域地下水位均超过5 m。(2)阿克苏-阿拉尔灌溉区。除部分点地下水位超过5 m,大部分地区在1.5~2.5 m,仅极少部分不足1 m。(3)喀什地区。除特殊区域外,多数区域在2.5 m以上,甚至少部分区域超过5 m。
综上,从节水灌溉角度来看,长周期的节水灌溉会影响北疆地下水埋深;但南疆地下潜水受到冬春灌溉和水库渗漏等因素补给,节水灌溉对地下水埋深影响不明显。
新疆“三山夹二盆”的地形与特殊气候格局,造成岩相地貌带中的盐分在平原区汇集,使得土壤受到不同程度盐分的影响。土壤盐分的时空分布变化与水循环过程和水资源分配直接相
大田滴灌是一种少量多次的非饱和灌溉,湿润峰下移的距离较短,土壤盐分不能彻底排出土体。因此,随着膜下滴灌应用年限的增加,累积在田间土壤湿润锋处的盐分究竟如何变化?土壤盐分迁移过程与分布带来哪些影响?是否在作物根区积累?针对这些问题很多学者开展了一系列研究。
王振华团
综合分析上述研究,发现:(1)长期滴灌对新疆土壤盐分影响的研究主要集中在玛纳斯河流域,其他区域研究相对较少,但南北疆滴灌对土壤盐分的影响存在明显差异;(2)随着滴灌年限增加,土壤盐分呈现出先减少后增加的趋势,一般认为6~8 a是时间节点;(3)大田滴灌盐分分布由表层聚集转变为向深层累积,长期滴灌后盐分主要集中在0~20 cm和100 cm以下;(4)灌溉水量、土壤质地、地下水埋深是长期滴灌对土壤盐分分布影响的主要因素。
笔者所在团队前期研究结果也表明:滴灌2 a的玉米土壤盐分含量大于滴灌6 a以上的;膜下滴灌能够在植物根系附近形成淡盐区,可将多余的盐分累积在膜间,但传统灌溉均无此现象。此外,兵团盐渍化耕地面积为6 670.87 k
近30年来,大田滴灌在新疆地区得到了快速发展,但由于新疆地域辽阔,地形、气候、种植、土壤等自然条件差别很大,长期大田滴灌引发了盐分在耕层累积,区域性地下水动态差异制约着区域生态和土壤安全,而土壤理化性质受长期滴灌影响正在向不可逆转的方向发展,尤其南疆水盐不平衡问题加剧了耕地盐碱化。这些与大田滴灌相关的生态环境问题值得重点关注。综合考虑土壤、灌溉水源、地下水位等因素,我们提出以下4点建议。
长期节水灌溉对南北疆的地下潜水埋深的影响截然不同,部分区域已接近或超过安全生态警戒地下水埋深线,但部分区域仍在盐渍化临界地下水埋深线以上。因此,从地下水生态水位安全角度入手,系统开展流域地下水埋深动态及化学成分研究和评价,确定临界地下水埋深和安全生态警戒埋深,统筹好利用好地表水和地下水2种资源,统筹好流域内的冰川、河流、水库、渠系和地下水等各种水资源,合理利用微咸水和再生水等非常规水资源,实现区域用水和补水协同,建立区域灌排一体化体系,构建区域地下水安全埋深线,保障区域用水和生态双安全。
随着滴灌年限增加,耕层土壤脱盐和积盐问题日益严重。一方面,地下水埋深的下降减少了潜水蒸发带来的盐分;另一方面,有灌无排(或少排)导致农事活动带入和含盐母质分解的盐分在土壤表层积累。如何在水资源短缺的情况下实现节水灌溉和防治农田次生盐碱化的协同,是绿洲农业可持续发展亟需解决的问题。因此,结合区域地下水安全水位线,因地制宜发展作物生长期调水控盐、非生长期调水排盐等水盐调控技术;以灌排工程改造为先导,综合运用暗管(竖井)排盐、滴灌调盐、化学改良、生物聚盐、农艺改土等措施,实现耕层土体的降盐提质,保障绿洲农业可持续发展。
“治理盐碱,水是关键”。以水为载体,以灌区为主体,区域协同,兵地统筹,水盐共治共管,建立适合区域作物和土壤改良的灌溉制度,统一规划治理区域的排水体系,综合应用“干播湿出”“管道输水”“暗管排盐”等技术系统管理区域水盐。结合水资源和土壤调查评价的相关成果,根据农田等级划分和盐碱地分类评估的结果,建立不同改土控盐目标,探索盐碱化土壤资源高效综合管理技术和农田抑盐避盐耕作新技术,建立区域盐碱化农田作物高产高效关键技术体系与综合治理模式,建立区域水资源-盐碱地-作物-生态和谐发展的调控体系,实现区域水土资源可持续利用。
土壤盐碱化和水资源短缺是影响干旱、半干旱地区农业可持续的重要因素,同时灌区土壤盐碱化的严重程度与水资源开发利用的方式和程度密切相关。大田滴灌大规模的推广和应用,极大推动了新疆绿洲农业的发展;然而在不同区域应用大田滴灌技术时,对土壤水盐平衡及地下水动态的影响有明显差异。2023年“中央一号”文件明确指出,“统筹推进高效节水灌溉”“加强高标准农田建设”做好盐碱地等耕地后备资源综合开发利用试点”。因此,节水降盐是未来新疆农业发展的主要方向,但如何高效利用区域水土资源、实现区域水盐平衡这个科学问题值得长久关注。
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