摘要
为探究适合大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)仔鱼培育的最佳光谱,于工厂化循环水养殖模式下设立全光谱组、红色光组、绿色光组和蓝色光组4个试验组,通过对比大口黑鲈仔鱼的趋光行为、生长性能,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性,分析谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,以及生长激素(gh)、类胰岛素生长因子1(igf-1)、促甲状腺激素(tsh)、热休克蛋白70(hsp70)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(crf)、半胱天冬酶3(caspase3)等基因的相对表达水平,筛选适宜大口黑鲈苗种培育的光谱范围。结果显示:全光谱组、绿色光组、蓝色光组仔鱼的终末体长体质量、特定生长率、增重率及LZM活性均显著高于红色光组,而MDA、GSH含量及SOD、CAT活性均显著低于红色光组;全光谱组和绿色光组仔鱼AKP酶活性及生长基因gh、igf-1、tsh的mRNA表达均显著高于红色光组,而应激相关基因hsp70、crf、caspase3 mRNA表达均显著低于红色光组和蓝色光组;全光谱组仔鱼存活率显著高于其余各组,并表现出较好的集群趋光行为。结果表明,全光谱光源最有利于工厂化循环水养殖模式下的大口黑鲈苗种培育。
大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)俗称加州鲈,隶属鲈形目、太阳鱼科、黑鲈属,为淡水肉食性鱼类,原产于北美,现已成为我国规模化养殖的名优鱼类品种之一。由于易受环境因素(如光热变化、病虫害)的侵
光照条件作为周期性环境信号因子对鱼类的诸多生理机能具有重要调节作用,其影响可以从胚胎发育延伸到性成熟的整个过
目前关于光谱对鱼类影响的研究主要集中在海水鱼类、甲壳动物
在工厂化循环水养殖模式下,设置4个不同的光谱组别:全光谱(full-spectrum,FS:λ 300~780 nm)、红色光(red light,RL:λ 622~760 nm)、绿色光(green light,GL:λ 492~577 nm)和蓝色光(blue light,BL:λ435~450 nm),LED灯光为40 W,光强600 lx,光源距水面20 cm。
试验用大口黑鲈仔鱼来自广州龙大水产有限公司,挑选初始体长(0.511 4±0.013 0) cm、初始体质量(0.002 0±0.000 3)g的6 000尾,平均随机放养于 12个(4个处理×3个重复×500 个体)挂在双层保温养殖缸中(半径:0.7 m;高度:0.75 m)并排布成田字形的网箱(长×宽×高:1 m×1 m×0.6 m,网目尺寸:0.15 mm)中。养殖周期为31 d,每天投喂8次,分为卤虫(1~12 d)、驯食(13~20 d)、饲料(21~31 d)3个投喂阶段。卤虫阶段,生物饵料投喂量逐日增加15%;驯食阶段,首日投喂7次卤虫和1次饲料,随后每天增加1次投喂微粒饲料(150~200 μm,粗蛋白≥52%,粗脂肪≥8%,粗灰分≥16%,粗纤维≤3%)的次数;饲料阶段投喂微粒饲料,逐渐增加饲料颗粒大小(200~500 μm),并最终改投破碎饲料(粗蛋白≥50%,粗脂肪≥8%,粗灰分≥14%,粗纤维≤3%),饲料投喂量为总体质量的2%;每次投喂前5 min开灯,全光谱组、红色光组、绿色光组、蓝色光组开灯时间依次间隔10 min,全光谱组首次开灯时间为当日零点,3 h的投喂间隔保持135 min光照时长,全天光照时长为18 h(
项目Item | 全光谱组 Full-spectrum | 红色光组 Red light | 绿色光组 Green light | 蓝色光组 Blue light | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
时刻 Time | 00:00-02:15 | 02:15-03:00 | 00:10-02:25 | 02:25-03:10 | 00:20-02:35 | 02:35-03:20 | 00:30-02:45 | 02:45-03:30 |
03:00-05:15 | 05:15-06:00 | 03:10-05:25 | 05:25-06:10 | 03:20-05:35 | 05:35-06:20 | 03:30-05:45 | 05:45-06:30 | |
06:00-08:15 | 08:15-09:00 | 06:10-08:25 | 08:25-09:10 | 06:20-08:35 | 08:35-09:20 | 06:30-08:45 | 08:45-09:30 | |
09:00-11:15 | 11:15-12:00 | 09:10-11:25 | 11:25-12:10 | 09:20-11:35 | 11:35-12:20 | 09:30-11:45 | 11:45-12:30 | |
12:00-14:15 | 14:15-15:00 | 12:10-14:25 | 14:25-15:10 | 12:20-14:35 | 14:35-15:20 | 12:30-14:45 | 14:45-15:30 | |
15:00-17:15 | 17:15-18:00 | 15:10-17:25 | 17:25-18:10 | 15:20-17:35 | 17:35-18:20 | 15:30-17:45 | 17:45-18:30 | |
18:00-20:15 | 20:15-21:00 | 18:10-20:25 | 20:25-21:10 | 18:20-20:35 | 20:35-21:20 | 18:30-20:45 | 20:45-21:30 | |
21:00-23:15 | 23:15-00:00 | 21:10-23:25 | 23:25-00:10 | 21:20-23:35 | 23:35-00:20 | 21:30-23:45 | 23:45-03:30 | |
工作状态 Status | On | Off | On | Off | On | Off | On | Off |
于试验第3、7、11、15、19、23、27、31天每组随机采集15尾仔鱼(5尾×3重复),用体式显微镜和电子天平测量体长和体质量;第6、16、26天,以大口黑鲈距离光源远近、聚集程度,人工观察评判大口黑鲈趋光性;试验结束后统计每组仔鱼总数,并随机采集30尾仔鱼,用体式显微镜和电子天平测量终末体长、体质量;试验结束后每组另采集15尾仔鱼(5尾×3重复),C3H7NO2麻醉后用蒸馏水清洗并取肝脏,其中9个肝脏-20 ℃保存,用于酶活性分析,另6个肝脏使用液氮速冻后置于-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于实时荧光定量PCR分析。
取-20 ℃保存的肝脏样品,解冻后用磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS)按照1∶9的比例稀释,在组织研磨机中充分研磨破碎后于4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min,静置5 min后取上清液,以BCA法进行蛋白含量检测后备用。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)活性及谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)、丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量按照中国南京建成生物工程研究所检测试剂盒并使用酶标仪进行测定。
取-80 ℃保存的肝脏样品,用Trizol法提取总RNA,经超微量分光光度计检测各样品OD值合格后,通过反转录得到cDNA。根据NCBI数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlh.gov/)获取生长激素(growth hormone,gh)、类胰岛素一号生长因子(insulin-like growth factors-1,igf-1)、促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,tsh)、热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,hsp70)、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子(corticotropin releasing factor,crf)、半胱天冬酶3(caspase-3)、β-actin基因的mRNA序列,使用Primer Premier 6.0设计引物(
目标基因 Target genes | 正向引物 Forward primer (5′–3′) | 反向引物 Forward primer (3′–5′) |
---|---|---|
gh | TGGAGGAGCAGCGTCAACTCAA | TGCGTTGTGTCTCGTGCTTGTC |
igf-1 | GCACAGCAGCCAGACAAGACAA | CCGTGTTGCCTCGACTGGAATT |
tsh | GCTGTCTGCGAGTGCTCTGA | CCATAGTGTCTCCGTGCTTGCT |
hsp70 | CGGCATTGACCTTGGCACTACC | ACTGGGTGTGGTCCTGTTTCCT |
crf | ACCTCATCACCGCCTTCATCCT | TGACGAGACGGCACCAAACCA |
caspase-3 | TGGCTGGTCTTCAAGGTGACGA | GCCTGCTGCTCTACTGCTTCTG |
β-actin | TGCCATCCTGCGTCTTGACTTG | CGGCTGTGGTGGTGAAGGAGTA |
大口黑鲈仔鱼在不同生长阶段的趋光行为存在差异,接受蓝色光处理的大口黑鲈仔鱼从试验开始到结束呈现出无趋光性的状态,散落分布在网箱中;红色光组、绿色光组的仔鱼在卤虫投喂阶段(第6天)、驯食阶段(第16天)、饲料投喂阶段(第26天)表现出大体一致的趋光行为,并一直维持到试验结束;全光谱组仔鱼表现出“陀螺型”群体游泳行为(

图1 不同光谱处理下大口黑鲈仔鱼的趋光行为
Fig.1 Phototaxis behavior of largemouth bass larval subject to different spectral treatments
图内白色光点为大口黑鲈仔鱼 The white spots are largemouth bass larvae.
由

图2 不同养殖时间下各组体长(A)、体质量(B)生长趋势
Fig.2 Growth trends of body length(A) and body mass(B) in each group under different breeding time
FS:全光谱Full-spectrum;RL:红色光Red light;GL:绿色光 Green light;BL:蓝色光 Blue light,下同。The same as below.同组中不含相同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图6同。Not containing the same lowercase letters in same group indicates significant differences(P<0.05),the same as Fig.6.
全光谱与绿色光组体长数值对应点的分布相对分散,表现出更大的组内体长差异,这种差异同时也反映在体质量方面,红色光组与蓝色光组群体内个体体质量差异略低于全光谱组与绿色光组(

图3 不同光谱处理的大口黑鲈仔鱼终末体长(A)和体质量(B)差异
Fig.3 Differences in final body length(A) and body mass(B) of largemouth bass larval subject to different spectral treatments
*: P < 0.05,**:P < 0.01,***: P < 0.001.
不同光谱处理组间的SGR、WGR趋势一致:红色光组仔鱼SGR、WGR分别为11.0%/d、2094%,显著低于其余3组(P<0.05),全光谱、绿色光、蓝色光组仔鱼的SGR分别为12.9%/d、12.9%/d、13.0%/d,WGR分别为3707%、3616%、3832%,之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)(

图4 不同光谱处理下大口黑鲈仔鱼的特定生长率(A)、增重率(B)和存活率(C)
Fig.4 SGR(A),WGR(B) and SR(C) of largemouth bass larval subject to different spectral treatments
同一指标中不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),图5同。Not containing the same lowercase letters in same item indicates significant differences(P<0.05), the same as Fig.5.
不同光谱下大口黑鲈的抗氧化、免疫相关酶活性变化情况见

图5 不同光谱处理下大口黑鲈仔鱼的超氧化物歧化酶(A)、过氧化氢酶(B)、溶菌酶(D)、碱性磷酸酶(E)活性和谷胱甘肽(C)、丙二醛(F)含量
Fig.5 SOD(A),CAT(B),LZM(D),AKP(E) activities and GSH(C),MDA(F) content of largemouth bass larval subject to different spectral treatments
红色光组大口黑鲈仔鱼LZM活性显著低于其余3组(P<0.05),而其余各组LZM差异不显著(P>0.05)(
不同光谱处理下大口黑鲈仔鱼生长、应激相关基因的mRNA表达水平如

图6 不同光谱处理下大口黑鲈生长、应激等相关基因相对表达水平
Fig.6 Relative expression levels of growth and stress related genes of largemouth bass to different spectral treatments
不同光谱处理的大口黑鲈仔鱼hsp70、crf、caspase3的mRNA表达趋势一致,即红色光与蓝色光处理组的大口黑鲈仔鱼hsp70、crf、caspase3的mRNA表达水平显著高于全光谱与绿色光处理组的相应基因表达(P<0.05)。其中,红色光组的hsp70与caspase3的mRNA表达水平最高,且显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),但红色光组的crf的mRNA表达与蓝色光组的表达差异不显著(P>0.05);全光谱组与绿色光组的相关应激基因表达最低,但2组间的hsp70、crf、caspase3的表达差异不显著(P>0.05)。
本研究从第11天至试验结束,不同光谱处理的大口黑鲈仔鱼体长、体质量、SGR、WGR及SR均出现了显著性变化。其中红色光组的各项指标显著低于其余各组(P<0.05),这与前人研究欧洲鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax
研究发现,欧洲鲈的生长相关基因表达与其生长情况高度相
在本研究中,红色光处理的大口黑鲈仔鱼MDA、GSH含量与SOD、CAT活性均显著高于其余各组,表明鱼体处于较高的氧化应激水平。因为MDA是生物体内脂质过氧化的终产物,其含量反映机体的脂质氧化程度和应激水平,而GSH是含有巯基的三肽化合物,具有较强的还原性,在维持机体稳态与防止氧化应激的过程中起着重要作用;氧化应激产生过量ROS会损伤抗氧化防御系统细胞和功能的完整
虽然绿色光组与全光谱组一样,机体呈现出较低的SOD、CAT活性与较高的LZM、AKP活性,但绿色光组MDA含量显著低于全光谱组,而GSH含量显著高于全光谱组。这表明虽然这2组仔鱼机体的氧化应激水平均较低,而免疫能力均较高,但绿色光组仔鱼机体的脂质氧化程度更低,且抗氧化剂的含量更高,与Shin
鱼体遭受高温等有害刺激时,hsp70的合成会显著升高而提高机体的抗应激能
全光谱组应激相应基因hsp70、crf、caspase3的表达水平显著低于红色光组和蓝色光组,且全光谱组与绿色光组大口黑鲈机体呈现出较低的SOD、CAT活性与较高的LZM、AKP活性,呈现出较好的抗氧化、免疫功能和应激能力。
综上所述,全光谱光源最有利于工厂化循环水养殖模式下的大口黑鲈苗种培育,绿色光也有助于提升大口黑鲈仔鱼的健康水平。
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