摘要
随着绿色高效、集约化现代农业的快速发展,缓/控释技术在农业生产领域得到广泛应用。缓/控释肥的使用可以减少化肥对环境的污染、恢复土壤生态、提高化肥的利用率、降低人工成本,但是缓/控释肥的应用也存在一些不足。为促进现代农业健康发展,进一步了解缓/控释技术在农业集约化生产和农业科学研究、提高农业生产效率和实现化肥减施增效领域的进展,在调研文献的基础上,本文综述了近年缓/控释肥的发展、分类及制备方法及其应用进展,总结了缓/控释肥在应用中的优点和不足;同时针对缓/控释肥应用中的问题及对策进行了梳理,提出今后应围绕绿色材料开发、生产工艺和设备创新,开展缓/控释肥施用技术与评价体系的系统研究,形成缓/控释肥产业化技术集成与示范,研制出符合生产要求的高效、环保、低成本的缓/控释肥。
肥料是农作物生长所需的“粮食”,在农业生产中有着不可替代的作用。大量作物栽培试验表明,在农业生产中,合理施肥可以有效提高农作物产
据Zhan
缓/控释技术是指利用物理或化学方法贮存活性物质,在预期的时间内控制其释放速度以在某一体系内维持一定浓度,从而达到减少活性物质使用量和使用次数,实现活性物质持续稳定、充分地释放并发挥作

图1 活性物质在某种体系中的浓度变化
Fig.1 The active substances concentration changes in different systems
自20世纪50年代第1款商品化缓释氮肥甲醛包衣尿素在美国生产后,不同类型的商品化缓/控释肥在全球各地被研制出来(

图2 缓/控释肥的发展历
Fig.2 Chorological development of controlled release fertilizers/slow release fertilize
在“缓/控释肥”的定义中,缓释肥料(slow release fertilizers,SRFs)是指养分以可控和缓慢的方式释放到环境中的肥料;文献中通常使用“控释肥料(controlled release fertilizers,CRFs)”一

图3 2001-2021年发表的关于缓/控释肥的研究论文(源自Web of Science)
Fig 3 Results from searches of the Web of Science database of scientific documents on “slow/controlled release fertilizers” during 2001-2021
Trenke
缓/控释肥的养分释放机制主要包括:①缓/控释肥具有微孔不渗透膜,在土壤溶液中养分从膜层微孔溶出,溶出的速度取决于膜材料的性质、膜的厚度、肥料的性质及加工条件

图4 缓/控释肥的作用机制(根据文献资料综合整理)
Fig. 4 Schematic representations of slow/controlled release fertilizers systems(According the literatures)
N:氮肥;P:磷肥;K:钾肥;ME:微量元素;T:温度刺激;pH:pH刺激;H2O:水渗透作用;Mb:微生物作用。N:Nitrogen fertilizer; P:phosphorous fertilizer; K:Potassium fertilizer; ME:Microelement fertilizer; H2O:Water permeability; Mb:Microbial action.
缓/控释肥制备通常选用可以降低养分释放的包膜材料,包括天然材料中的黏土矿物和纳米黏土矿物,如蛭石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石等;不易降解的聚砜;以及可生物降解的高分子材料,如海藻酸盐、淀粉、木质素、壳聚糖
载体或者包膜材料 Carrier or coated substance | 肥料 Fertilizer | 参考文献 References |
---|---|---|
褐煤、生物炭 Brown coal,biochar | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer |
根据文献[ Collected from reference 39 |
珍珠岩、蛭石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石 Perlite, vermiculite, bentonite, and attapulgite | 各种营养元素 All kinds of nutrients | |
泥炭 Peat | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
海藻酸钙 Calcium alginate | 复合肥 Compound fertilizer | |
锯木屑 Saw wood | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
改性腐殖酸 Modified humic acid | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
蛭石、蒙脱石、有机蛭石复合物纳米材料 Vermiculite, bentonite, organic vermiculite compound nano materials | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
蛭石、蒙脱石、磷灰石纳米材料 Vermiculite, bentonite, hydroxyapatite nano materials | 磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer | |
蛭石、蒙脱石纳米材料 Vermiculite, bentonite nano materials | 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer | |
硫层壳聚糖包膜纳米材料 Sulphur@chitosan-coated nano materials | 氮磷钾复合肥 NPK compound fertilizer | |
蛭石纳米材料 Vermiculite nano materials |
硫、锌、铁、硼等微肥 S, Zn, Fe and B micronutrients | |
海藻酸盐 Alginate salt | 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate |
根据文献[ Collected from references 33,36,40-42 |
聚丙烯酰胺 Polyacrylamide | 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate | |
聚丙烯酰胺 Polyacrylamide | 尿素 Urea | |
海藻酸盐 Alginate salt | 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate | |
羧甲基纤维素 Carboxymethylcellulose | 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate | |
淀粉 Starch | 磷酸一铵 Monoammonium phosphate | |
壳聚糖 Chitosan | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
聚丙烯酸 Polyacrylic acid | 氮磷混合肥 Nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer | |
木质素 Lignin | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer | |
醋酸纤维、聚丙烯酸、聚丙烯酰胺 Acetate cellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide | 氮磷钾复合肥 NPK compound fertilizer | |
聚丙烯酸 Polyacrylic acid | 氮磷钾复合肥 NPK compound fertilizer |
[ |
苯乙烯-丙烯酸丁酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚物Phenylethylene-acrylic acid-methyl methacrylate polymer | 氮肥 Nitrogen fertilizer |
[ |
蓖麻油基聚氨酯 Castor oil-based polyurethane | 磷酸二铵 Diammonium phosphate |
[ |
木质素 Lignin | 磷肥 Phosphate fertilizer |
[ |
聚乙烯醇、聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖 Poly(vinyl alcohol), poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan | 钾肥 Potassium fertilizer |
[ |
1)缓/控释氮肥。缓/控释肥料的种类繁多,当前对缓/控释肥研究较多的是氮
交联聚合物常常被用来制作缓/控释材料,它可使线型分子之间产生新化学键,形成特定网络结构,以提高材料的强度、弹性、耐热性等理化性质。Zhao
2)缓/控释磷肥。与缓/控释氮肥相比,缓/控释磷肥的研究不
3)缓/控释钾肥。钾是农作物生长所必需的3种大量营养元素之一,与氮磷养分不同,钾不是作物体内有机物的组分。钾通常呈离子状态存在于植物体液中,或吸附在原生质胶粒的表面。钾在植物体内含量仅次于氮,流动性很强,在植物体内可以被反复利用。钾通常是以氮磷钾复合缓/控释肥的形式存在。Jamnongkan
4)多功能缓/控释肥。由于部分缓/控释肥采用高分子有机材料处理,使得它们还兼具有节水保水的作用。袁国桂
5)缓/控释复合肥及其他。如前所述,单一养分经缓/控释处理可延长肥料释放时间,有利于提高肥效。在农业生产中通常需要同时施用氮磷钾等复合肥,以保障作物的正常生长,缓/控释复合肥的肥效和利用率具有良好的协同作
Wu
近年来,随着纳米材料的广泛应用,在农业领域,纳米化肥智能缓/控释技术也日渐受到重
当前,缓/控释技术在农业领域得到广泛应用,在实验室和大田进行了缓/控释肥的研究应用并取得了较好的效果,世界上主要的缓/控释肥应用地区包括中国、美国、西欧和日本 ,每年的需求量还在不断增加。与传统的肥料相比,缓/控释肥具有较多优
自1948 年美国Clart 等人合成了世界上第1个具有缓释效果的化肥——缓释脲醛肥料以来,便开启了研究新型肥料的新领域。但是,缓/控释肥在农业领域的推广与应用还存在一些亟待解决的问
目前,缓/控释肥等新型肥料的研究和测试过程大多在实验室条件下模拟完成,对植物(作物)生长发育影响的研究也局限于盆栽试验,而在大田应用中,土壤的温度、湿度、pH、土壤微生物和植物的种类等因素均会影响缓/控释肥的效果。今后,我国在缓/控释肥领域的开发应该以大宗粮食作物和经济作物为重点研究对象,并结合经济效益、农学效益和环境效益相统一的原
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