摘要
为提高稻虾共作模式的稻米品质和效益,通过设置秸秆还田投食(SF)、秸秆还田不投食(SNF)、秸秆不还田投食(NSF)和秸秆不还田不投食(NSNF)处理,并以水稻单作秸秆还田(CK-S)和水稻单作秸秆不还田(CK-NS)为对照,对秸秆还田和投食对稻米品质的影响进行研究。结果显示: 投食(F)处理能显著提高水稻、小龙虾产量和稻米营养品质,在秸秆还田(S)与秸秆不还田(NS)的条件下,F处理比不投食(NF)处理的蛋白质含量分别增加了27.41%和36.16%,差异显著。S处理与F处理的交互作用可显著影响稻米加工品质;整精米率和精米率在NSNF处理下最高,显著高于SF、SNF、NSF;秸秆还田、投食及其交互作用对蒸煮、食味品质无显著影响,稻米RVA黏滞性谱差异性较小;稻虾模式可提高稻米外观品质,稻虾共作模式下各处理垩白粒率和垩白度都低于稻田单作,与CK-S相比,SF处理垩白粒率和垩白度分别降低了15.09%、15.65%。结果表明,稻虾共作秸秆还田与投食2种措施可以改善稻米品质。
发展水稻生产,提高稻谷有效供给量是保障我国粮食供应与食物安全的重要举措。稻米品质的好坏与人们的日常生活息息相关,对水稻生产的经济效益和应用推广价值具有重要影响。稻米品质包括加工品质、外观品质、蒸煮食味品质以及营养品质,其质量与形成过程主要受水稻品种自身的遗传基因、栽培方式和环境条件所影响,是多基因数量性状与环境因素交互作用产生的结
水稻秸秆还田和小龙虾投食是稻虾共作模式的重要措施,秸秆与饲料中含有的氮素等营养物质,会影响水稻生长发育,对群体调控、水稻产量及稻米品质的形成都会产生影
试验地点位于湖北省潜江市后湖管理区华中农业大学稻虾试验基地(112°71′E,30°39′N)。该地为江汉平原腹地低湖区,地势平坦,属亚热带季风性湿润气候,年平均气温16.1 ℃,年平均日照时数1 949~1 988 h,年平均降水量为1 100 mm,土壤为湖积物发育而成的潮土性水稻土。试验田土壤性
供试水稻品种为泰优390,属三系杂交迟熟晚稻,由广东省农业科学院和湖南省金稻种业有限公司选育。供试虾为克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkia),俗称小龙虾,属杂食性动物,在动物分类学上隶属节肢动物门甲壳纲十足目蝲蛄科原螯虾属。
本试验始于2015年,为长期定位稻虾共作秸秆还田与投食试验。试验采用双因素随机区组设计,两因素分别为水稻秸秆还田和小龙虾投食,4个处理,分别为秸秆还田投食(SF)、秸秆还田不投食(SNF)、秸秆不还田投食(NSF)、秸秆不还田不投食(NSNF)处理,另设置水稻单作秸秆还田(CK-S)和水稻单作秸秆不还田(CK-NS)2个处理作对照,共6个处理,3次重复,18个小区。4个稻虾处理小区面积为1 000
投食处理小龙虾饲料投喂量为1 500 kg/h
1)田间工程结构。稻田共作小区四周开挖环形沟,宽2 m,深1.2 m,用于退水时养殖小龙虾;各小区进出口设置3 m宽的机耕道便于农事操作;环形沟外设置防逃网,高0.4 m;每年用生石灰对稻田进行2次消毒。
2)水稻管理。水稻于6月10日进行人工直播,播种后,进行浅水促蘖,自然落干后再灌溉浅水,干湿交替培育健壮群体;水稻进入分蘖期及时晒田促进水稻分蘖生根,晒田复水后湿润管理,孕穗期保持一定水层;抽穗以后采用干湿交替管理,水稻进入蜡熟期再次晒田10 d左右, 10月6日收获水稻。水稻施肥总量按N 150 kg/h
3)小龙虾管理。选择体长5 cm左右、生长健壮的虾苗,投放时间为2015年3月,投放密度为450 kg/h
在水稻成熟时,小区按平均穗数取样法取6穴代表性植株, 调查各处理植株的有效穗数、每穗粒数、结实率和千粒重等产量构成指标,按标准含水量13.5%计算单位面积产量;小龙虾产量通过将小区每次捕捞的成虾称质量记录,进行累加获取。
收获成熟稻谷后,在通风阴凉处晾晒干燥存放3个月,使其水分含量稳定在13%左右、稻米理化性质不再变化,进行稻米品质测定。测定方法参照GB/T 17891-1999《优质稻谷》执行,用凯氏定氮仪测定稻米蛋白质含量。
由
处理 Treatment | 有效穗数/ Valid panicle(No.) | 结实率/% Seed-setting percentage | 每穗粒数 Grains per panicle | 千粒重/g 1 000-grain weight | 理论产量/(t/h Theoretical yield |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF | 197.78ab | 69.23a | 209.63a | 23.77a | 9.86a |
SNF | 194.94abc | 68.56a | 192.37a | 23.71a | 8.89bc |
NSF | 205.67a | 70.12a | 188.19ab | 24.05a | 9.30ab |
NSNF | 198.94ab | 71.54a | 174.56b | 23.77a | 8.25cd |
CK-S | 181.33c | 69.88a | 188.05ab | 24.02a | 8.19cd |
CK-NS | 185.17bc | 74.30a | 172.73b | 23.91a | 7.64d |
注: SF:秸秆还田投食;SNF:秸秆还田不投食;NSF:秸秆不还田投食;NSNF:秸秆不还田不投食;CK-S单作秸秆还田;CK-NS:水稻单作秸秆不还田;不同小写字母表示各处理在0.05水平上存在显著性差异,下同。Note:SF:Straw returning with feeding;SNF:Straw returning without feeding ; NSF:straw removal with feeding;NSNF:Straw removal without feeding; CK-S:Rice monoculture with straw returning;CK-NS:Rice monoculture with straw removal .The lowercase letters indicate significant difference between groups at 0.05 level. The same as follows.
由

图1 秸秆还田与投食对小龙虾产量的影响
Fig.1 The effects of straw returning and feeding on crayfish yield
由

图2 秸秆还田与投食处理对稻米蛋白质含量的影响
Fig.2 The effects of straw returning and feeding on rice protein content
从

图3 秸秆还田与投食对稻米出糙率(A)、精米率和整精米率(B)的影响
Fig. 3 The effects of straw returning and feeding on rice brown rate(A), milled rice rate and head rice rate(B)
由
处理 Treatment | 垩白粒率/% Chalky kernel | 垩白度/% Chalkiness degree | 粒长/mm Length | 粒宽/mm Width | 长宽比 Length/width ratio |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF | 15.42bc | 3.99bc | 6.78a | 1.82b | 3.73a |
SNF | 16.30b | 4.14bc | 6.75a | 2.17a | 3.11b |
NSF | 15.98bc | 3.91c | 6.69a | 1.89b | 3.54a |
NSNF | 14.61c | 3.76c | 6.81a | 1.76b | 3.87a |
CK-S | 18.16a | 4.73a | 6.78a | 1.73b | 3.92a |
CK-NS | 18.46a | 4.67ab | 6.87a | 1.87b | 3.67a |
秸秆还田 S | ns | ns | ns | * | * |
投食 F | ns | ns | ns | * | * |
S×F | ns | ns | ns | * | * |
注: *表示在0.05水平有显著差异;ns表示没有显著差异,下同。Note :* indicates
significant difference at 0.05 level; ns indicates there is no significant difference. The same as follows.
稻虾共作模式下秸秆还田与投食处理及其交互作用对水稻蒸煮和食味品质的影响均不显著。水稻单作对照组的最高黏度、热浆黏度、崩解值和最终黏度等显著高于稻虾共作模式处理(
处理 Treatment | 最高黏度/(mPa·s) Peak viscosity | 热浆黏度/(mPa·s) Trough viscosity | 崩解值/(mPa·s) Breakdown | 最终黏度/(mPa·s) Final viscosity | 消减值/(mPa·s) Setback | 糊化温度/℃Pasting temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SF | 4 045.80b | 1 559.80bc | 2 486.10b | 2 775.70c | -1 270.20a | 80.73a |
SNF | 4 081.70b | 1 579.40bc | 2 502.20b | 2 789.50c | -1 292.20ab | 80.53a |
NSF | 4 093.90b | 1 551.50c | 2 542.40b | 2 765.60c | -1 328.30ab | 80.63a |
NSNF | 4 155.30b | 1 588.70bc | 2 566.70ab | 2 819.90bc | -1 335.40ab | 80.59a |
CK-S | 4 306.40a | 1 626.40ab | 2 680.00a | 2 904.80ab | -1 401.60b | 80.57a |
CK-NS | 4 185.20ab | 1 667.50a | 2 517.70b | 2 949.00a | -1 236.10a | 80.86a |
S | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
F | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
S×F | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
本研究结果表明,稻虾共作模式下投食处理的稻米蛋白质含量均显著高于水稻单作对照组,候立刚
研究者认为水稻垩白性状与施氮水平呈负相关,增施氮肥可以有效减少垩白。李冠男
RVA谱反映了淀粉在加热、持续高温和冷却的环境条件下所表现出的黏滞力糊化曲线,其测定条件很好地模拟了日常生活中蒸煮米饭的场景,可以很好地反映稻米蒸煮特性与口感质
综合来看,与水稻单作相比,稻虾共作模式能降低垩白度和垩白粒率,改善部分黏滞性谱指标。稻虾共作模式中,投食能够显著提高水稻和小龙虾产量、稻米蛋白质含量,而秸秆还田对稻米产量和品质影响不显著。主要原因在于小龙虾饲料氮(纯氮69.9 kg/h
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