摘要
为探究诃子在畜禽疫病防控中的作用及应用潜力,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌3种常见致病菌为对象,对比诃子和其他11种中药提取物的抑菌圈直径和最小抑菌浓度(MIC),分析诃子培养上清液的总漏出率和电导率、蛋白浓度及诃子对细菌DNA和蛋白含量的影响。结果显示:诃子比其他11种中药的抑菌效果更强,表现为抑菌圈直径更大,MIC更低。培养上清液的电导率和漏出率增加,用2倍 MIC诃子药液处理8 h后,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌上清液蛋白浓度显著增加(P<0.05)。诃子抑制大肠埃希菌蛋白合成,使分子质量约为80 ku的蛋白缺失;对肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌蛋白质合成影响不明显,对细菌DNA也没有明显的凝胶阻滞作用,但能降解DNA。以上结果表明:诃子具有较好的抑菌效果,其作用机制是通过破坏细菌细胞膜通透性,抑制细菌核酸和蛋白合成而发挥抑菌作用。
大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌是常见的革兰氏阴性
中药在我国有悠久的历史,由于其易获得、残留少、不易产生耐药性的优点,成为治疗耐药菌感染的理想药
本试验采用的中药醇提取物(10∶1)为固体粉末,包括连翘、诃子、苦参、黄连、五味子、紫花地丁、金银花、苏木、乌梅、女贞子、蒲公英、黄芪共12种,均购自陕西文迪生物科技有限公司;MH肉汤、NA琼脂,购自青岛海博生物技术有限公司;Bradford法蛋白浓度检测试剂盒、空白药敏纸片,购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司;细菌总蛋白提取试剂盒,购自北京庄盟国际生物科技有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,购自北京康为世纪生物科技有限公司;考马斯亮蓝染色液(G-250)和蛋白预制胶试剂盒,购自兰杰柯科技有限公司。
取本文“1.1”中12种中药提取物各4 g,分别溶于20 mL无菌水中制成0.2 g/mL的药液,水浴锅加热溶解后,置于121 ℃灭菌锅灭菌15 min,4 ℃保存,备用。
划线复苏冻存大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌菌株,分别挑取单菌落于MH肉汤培养基37 ℃、220 r/min培养16 h,调整各菌悬液浓度分别为1×1
1) 抑菌圈。采用药敏纸片扩散
2) 最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。用二倍稀释
依据比色法测定诃子培养上清液的总漏出率(OD600 nm)和培养液电导率(OD450 nm)相对
细菌培养液蛋白浓度用Bradford
取3种菌液各500 μL(终浓度为1×1
分别加入诃子提取物药液至终浓度为1倍、2倍和4倍MIC 2 mL,ddH2O为阴性对照,菌液2 mL,37 ℃培养8 h,用细菌总蛋白提取试剂盒提取胞内蛋白,进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)分析。每个样品取16 µL加入4 µL蛋白上样缓冲液,沸水浴5 min,冷却至室温,吸取15 µL上样,电压80 V,当样品到达分离胶边缘时加压至120 V,直至样品移动至距胶底端1 cm结束,取下胶板,染色,脱色完全后置于凝胶成像系统进行观察。
用改良的凝胶阻滞方
比较12种中药提取物对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌的抑菌圈直径测量结果(
中药提取物 Chinese herbal extract | 大肠埃希菌 Escherichia coli | 肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae | 阴沟肠杆菌 Enterobacter cloacae |
---|---|---|---|
诃子 Terminalia chebula | 8.53±0.34 | 8.61±0.35 | 8.51±0.42 |
乌梅 Fructus mume | - | 8.10±0.65 | 7.95±0.89 |
黄连 Coptis chinensis | - | 7.30±0.29 | - |
五味子 Schisandra chinensis | 7.13±0.24 | 7.30±0.43 | 8.70±0.37 |
蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum | 7.19±0.36 | 7.27±0.24 | 6.73±0.33 |
女贞子 Fructus Ligustri | 7.03±0.25 | 7.39±0.28 | 7.50±0.75 |
金银花 Lonicera japonica | 6.20±0.16 | 6.87±0.09 | 6.40±0.16 |
苏木 Caesalpinia sappan | - | 7.83±0.24 | 6.37±0.29 |
连翘 Forsythia suspensa | - | 7.07±0.82 | 6.63±0.42 |
紫花地丁 Viola philippica | - | 7.50±0.45 | - |
苦参 Sophora flavescens | - | 7.60±0.08 | - |
黄芪 Astragalus memeranaceus | - | - | 7.25±0.05 |
注: -表示抑菌效果不明显。Note: - indicates that the antibacterial effect is not obvious.
比较12种中药提取物对大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(MIC)(
中药提取物 Chinese herbal extract | 大肠埃希菌 Escherichia coli | 肺炎克雷伯菌 Klebsiella pneumoniae | 阴沟肠杆菌 Enterobacter cloacae |
---|---|---|---|
诃子 Terminalia chebula | 6.25 | 12.50 | 6.25 |
乌梅 Fructus mume | 50.00 | 50.00 | 50.00 |
黄连 Coptis chinensis | - | 25.00 | - |
五味子 Schisandra chinensis | - | - | - |
蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum | - | - | - |
女贞子 Fructus Ligustri | - | - | - |
金银花 Lonicera japonica | - | - | - |
苏木 Caesalpinia sappan | - | - | - |
连翘 Forsythia suspensa | - | - | - |
紫花地丁 Viola philippica | - | - | - |
苦参 Sophora flavescens | - | - | - |
黄芪 Astragalus memeranaceus | - | - | - |
注: -表示质量浓度为100 mg/mL时,无抑菌效果。Note:- means that no antibacterial effect is observed when the concentration is 100 mg/mL.
大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌3种致病菌用0、1、2和4倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理后,培养液总漏出率、电导率和蛋白增量结果见

图1 大肠埃希菌(A、D、G)、肺炎克雷伯菌(B、E、H)和阴沟肠杆菌(C、F、I)经诃子药液处理后,培养液的总漏出率(A、B、C)、电导率(D、E、F)和蛋白增量(G、H、I)
Fig.1 The total leakage rate (A,B,C), conductivity (D,E,F) and protein increment (G,H,I) of Escherichia coli(A,D,G), Klebsiella pneumoniae(B,E,H) and Enterobacter cloacae(C,F,I) treated with Terminalia chebula
用不同质量浓度诃子药液处理后,3种致病菌大量离子外流,使得胞外离子浓度增大,光密度增加(
大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌分别用0、1、2和4倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理后,致病菌DNA的含量变化如

图2 大肠埃希菌(A)、肺炎克雷伯菌(B)和阴沟肠杆菌(C)用诃子药液处理0、2、4和6 h的DNA凝胶电泳图
Fig.2 DNA gel electrophoresis results of Escherichia coli(A), Klebsiella pneumoniae(B) and Enterobacter cloacae(C) treated with Terminalia chebula for 0, 2, 4 and 6 h
用1倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理3种致病菌0、4和8 h的菌体蛋白含量变化如

图3 大肠埃希菌(A)、肺炎克雷伯菌(B)和阴沟肠杆菌(C)用0和1倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理0、4和8 h的蛋白SDS-PAGE图
Fig.3 SDS-PAGE of proteins of Escherichia coli(A), Klebsiella pneumoniae(B) and Enterobacter cloacae(C) treated with Terminalia chebula in concentration of 0 and 1 MIC for 0, 4 and 8 h
M:Marker.
取3种致病菌DNA,分别用0、0.5、1、2和4倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理10 min后,DNA的凝胶阻滞结果见

图4 大肠埃希菌(A)、肺炎克雷伯菌(B)和阴沟肠杆菌(C)的DNA用0、0.5、1、2和4倍MIC浓度诃子药液处理10 min的DNA凝胶电泳图
Fig.4 DNA gel electrophorograms of Escherichia coli(A), Klebsiella pneumoniae(B) and Enterobacter cloacae(C) treated with Terminalia chebula in concentration of 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 MIC for 10 min
通常,某种中草药只对1种或少数几种致病菌有抑菌作用,如艾叶、黄芩对大肠埃希菌有抑菌效
细胞膜是细菌天然保护屏障,在维持细胞内环境稳定代谢和调节选择物质交换方面有重要作
DNA和蛋白在细菌增殖中保持相对稳定,而抑菌剂可以影响细菌DNA的合成、蛋白表达,或直接作用于DNA。本试验中用诃子处理后的3种致病菌,DNA浓度降低,细菌数量减少,表明诃子能抑制细菌的增殖,并具有杀菌效果。研究丁香酚和异丁香酚的抑菌机制时,发现丁香酚能破坏细胞壁、膜,细胞膜通透性改变,使其失去生命力,并且抑制部分蛋白合
凝胶阻滞作用可以反映药物是否与DNA直接作用,是探究药物作用机制的重要手段。本研究用诃子处理细菌DNA后,虽没有发现明显的阻滞作用,但DNA条带明显变暗,表明诃子能降解DNA,即诃子的抑菌机制之三,是通过抑制DNA合成和降解部分DNA发挥抑菌作用。
总之,诃子在体外可以通过多种机制抑菌,如破坏细菌细胞膜、改变核酸和蛋白的合成,具有良好体外抑菌效果,在畜禽呼吸系统和消化系统病原体疾病的防控中具有应用潜力,值得进行临床应用研究。
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