摘要
牛呼吸疾病综合征是危害国内外养牛业的一种重要传染病,致病因素包括病毒、细菌以及支原体等病原体和多种应激。养殖一线人员常常只能通过观察牛的呼吸异常而做出初步诊断,对病原体诊断的准确率低。而且,由于该病具有多病因混合感染的特征,实验室诊断也常常针对性不强,导致难以对患病动物的治疗效果及预后做出精准判断。为了给牛呼吸疾病综合征的早期诊断、及时治疗和综合防控提供参考依据,本文就牛呼吸疾病综合征的病原学、流行和危害以及诊断方法进行综述,包括常见病原,临床诊断、分子生物学诊断等常用诊断方法,以及含有急性期蛋白和应激相关激素的宿主生物标志物诊断、转录组学诊断等新型诊断方法,简述其实际应用情况和优缺点,并对未来诊断方法的方向及待解决问题等提出展望。
牛呼吸疾病综合征(bovine respiratory disease complex, BRDC)是由多种致病因子引起的、以呼吸道症状为主的一类传染性疾病,是国内外目前危害严重的常发病种之一,给肉牛业和奶牛业造成严重危
BRDC的病原主要有牛支原体、细菌性病原和病毒性病原。牛支原体(Mycoplasma bovis)是国内BRDC的主要病
不同国家和地区牛群的BRDC,其病原体种类可能存在差异,且常呈不同的混合感染组合。溶血性曼氏杆菌、BVDV和牛支原体是导致美国和加拿大BRDC的常见病
BRDC是影响牛的最常见且经济损失最大的疾病,也是研究最广泛的家畜疾病之一。美国等发达国家自从BRDC在20世纪80年代被首次提起,就开始对BRDC进行攻关研究。BRDC除了导致死亡和淘汰以及诊疗带来的直接损失外,还有因为饲料报酬下降、胴体肉质等级下降等带来的间接损失。在美国一些养殖场中,BRDC占整体发病率的65%~85%、整体死亡率的45%~75
BRDC的及时诊断是遏止BRDC蔓延及减少经济损失的关键。BRDC多发生在新引进牛和犊
由于DART法是一种临床定性评价方法,不能充分评估BRDC的严重程度,所以有时用全群治疗的方式以最大限度地阻止疾病的蔓延和降低疾病导致的损失。这种无差别的治疗方式由于对一些不需要干预的动物也采取了相同的措施,从而增加了治疗成本。
病原分离鉴定是BRDC诊断的金标准,但这些病原体常在牛体内呈隐性感染,如牛支原
分子生物学诊断技术有核酸探针杂交、核酸测序和聚合酶链式反应(PCR)等。核酸探针杂交是指使用标记的核酸片段同病原的靶片段进行特异性互补配对而进行检测的一种技术。核酸测序是指使用测序仪对全基因组或者某个基因进行核苷酸序列的测定并进行数据库比对从而得出结果的一种方
血清学检测的基础是抗原与抗体特异性结合,根据检测对象可分为检测抗体与检测抗原,常见的血清学检测方法有病毒中和试验(VNT)、酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)、间接血凝试验(IHA)
基于RNA-Seq的转录组学可提供BRDC患牛的转录图谱,利用生物信息学工具比较分析患病牛和健康牛的基因表达情况,找到具有指示意义的发病差异表达基因或基因群,可作为BRDC的辅助诊
宿主的生物标志物是一种可以用来客观地检测和评价正常生物学过程或病理过程的生物学标志分子,如蛋白质、多肽和细胞因子等,在疾病的早期诊断、治疗及预后评估方面等发挥着重要作
1)结合珠蛋白。结合珠蛋白(haptoglobin, Hp)是一种通过结合血红蛋白而发挥抑菌作用的α-2球蛋白,是目前在BRDC诊断中研究最多的一个蛋白。Burciaga-Robles
在自然发生的BRDC中,El-Deeb
Wolfger
综上所述,结合珠蛋白有望成为一个具有较大潜力的诊断标识蛋白,然而不同的研究提供了不同的结合珠蛋白质量浓度诊断临界值,这增加了结合珠蛋白作为BRDC诊断辅助工具的难度。不同的研究目标和测试方法可能是造成不同诊断临界值的原因。需要进一步增加健康牛和患病牛样本数量,设定一致的发病判断标准,以确定结合珠蛋白的诊断临界值和应用范围,更好地将结合珠蛋白用于BRDC的诊断。
2)纤维蛋白原。纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, Fb)在检测BRDC及应用方面有较多研究,但是,关于纤维蛋白原在BRDC诊断中的作用目前有争议。Carter
3)血清淀粉样蛋白A。有学者对牛的炎症过程进行研究,结果显示血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A, SAA)能够在组织损伤或感染期间调节免疫系
4)降钙素原。降钙素原(procalcitonin, PCT)可以随着特定细胞因子的诱导而迅速增加,因此已被用作细菌和寄生虫感染的生物标志物。在溶血性曼氏杆菌和昏睡嗜组织杆菌导致的BRDC的检测中,采用4.21 ng/mL的降钙素原作为诊断临界值具有高度敏感性和特异性(敏感性=100%;特异性=96%
5)其他急性期蛋白。脂多糖结合蛋白 (lipopolysaccharide binding protein, LBP)向单核细胞、巨噬细胞和粒细胞提供脂多糖,在BRDC病例中,脂多糖结合蛋白浓度随着结合珠蛋白浓度的增加而增加,表明脂多糖结合蛋白具有诊断BRDC的潜力。当脂多糖结合蛋白的诊断临界值采用0.33 μg/mL时,用于检测BRDC病例可达93%的敏感
转铁蛋白(transferrin, Tf) 是血浆中的一种铁结合阴性急性期蛋白,在炎症的急性期被消耗以抑制细菌对铁的利
1)皮质醇。皮质醇(cortisol)是由下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴调节以应对应激的一种激
2)P物质。P物质(substance P, SP)是一种多肽,在疼痛或炎症状态下分泌。在攻毒试验中,溶血性曼氏杆菌攻毒后12 h,P物质浓度增加。但是,P物质可以随着多种因素而改变,所以P物质不是诊断BRDC的特定生物标志
3)促炎细胞因子。促炎细胞因子(proinflammatory cytokines)如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和IFN-γ等也可用于BRDC的检测。溶血性曼氏杆菌感染犊牛 72 h后, IFN-γ 浓度显著增加(P<0.05
乳酸(lactate)是另一种可以用于检测BRDC的宿主生物标志物。Zeineldin
鉴于宿主生物标志物在不同情况下的应用和功效不同、各个研究中关于“阳性”判断的阈值标准不一样、实验重复性差等原因,当前尚不能找出特定的宿主生物标志物作为BRDC诊断的唯一方法。众所周知,疾病的发生发展是病原微生物与机体相互斗争的结果,宿主生物标志物在因复杂病原体导致的BRDC的早期诊断中具有一定的应用前景,但仍值得进行深入研究。
病原体的准确诊断是常规的BRDC诊断理念中的主要组成部分。因为病原体的分离鉴定可能非常复杂,基于核酸检测的系列方法在临床上具有更广泛的用途。基于病原体的复杂性,以PCR为基础的分子生物学方法需要开发多病原联合、快速检测技术,且成本在农场主的承受能力内。宿主生物标志物在BRDC诊断中的应用可弥补因病原检测的复杂性而带来的问题,有望在查明复杂病原体前进行早期诊断,具有应用前景。但存在宿主生物标志物的诊断临界值、各宿主生物标志物的非特异性、多个宿主生物标志物优化或联合应用等诸多问
参考文献References
BOOKER C W,LUBBERS B V.Bovine respiratory disease treatment failure:impact and potential causes[J].The veterinary clinics of North America Food Animal Practice,2020,36(2):487-496. [百度学术]
GUZMAN E,TAYLOR G.Immunology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus in calves[J].Molecular immunology,2015,66(1):48-56. [百度学术]
谢倩茹,童胜涛,邵咏旋,等.牛呼吸道感染细菌病原的致病机理与防控研究进展[J].中国兽医学报,2016,36(12):2183-2188.XIE Q R,TONG S T,SHAO Y X,et al.Research on pathogenic mechanism and prevention of bovine respiratory tract bacterial infection[J].Chinese journal of veterinary science,2016,36(12):2183-2188 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
TRACEY I, WOOLF C J, ANDREWS N A.Composite pain biomarker signatures for objective assessment and effective treatment [J].Neuron, 2019, 101(5):783-800. [百度学术]
NISSLY R H,ZAMAN N,IBRAHIM P A S,et al.Influenza C and D viral load in cattle correlates with bovine respiratory disease (BRD):emerging role of orthomyxoviruses in the pathogenesis of BRD[J].Virology,2020,551:10-15. [百度学术]
农业农村部.一、二、三类动物疫病(中华人民共和国农业农村部公告 2022年 第573号)[EB/OL](2022-06-29)[2022-11-04].http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/xmsyj/202206/t20220629_6403635.htm.The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,PRC.Animal epidemics of class I, II and III (Announcement of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PRC,2022,No.573)[EB/OL](2022-06-29)[2022-11-04] .http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/xmsyj/202206/t20220629_6403635.htm(in Chinese). [百度学术]
YOUNES J A,RAMSAY D E,LACOSTE S,et al.Changes in the phenotypic susceptibility of Mannheimia haemolytica isolates to macrolide antimicrobials during the early feeding period following metaphylactic tulathromycin use in western Canadian feedlot calves[J].Canadian veterinary journal,2022,63(9):920-928. [百度学术]
HEADLEY S A,OKANO W,BALBO L C,et al.Molecular survey of infectious agents associated with bovine respiratory disease in a beef cattle feedlot in southern Brazil[J].Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation,2018,30(2):249-251. [百度学术]
王洪梅,赵贵民,侯佩莉,等.牛呼吸道疾病综合征流行现状及防控技术研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(16):33-39.WANG H M,ZHAO G M,HOU P L,et al.Advance on epidemic status and the researches of prevention and control of bovine respiratory disease complex[J].Chinese journal of animal science,2015,51(16):33-39 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
HORWOOD P F,SCHIBROWSKI M I,FOWLER E V,et al.Is Mycoplasma bovis a missing component of the bovine respiratory disease complex in Australia? [J].Australian veterinary journal,2014,92(6):185-191. [百度学术]
CATANIA S,GASTALDELLI M,SCHIAVON E,et al.Infection dynamics of Mycoplasma bovis and other respiratory Mycoplasmas in newly imported bulls on Italian fattening farms[J/OL].Pathogens (Basel,Switzerland),2020,9(7):537[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9070537. [百度学术]
胡长敏,石磊,龚瑞,等.牛支原体病研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2009,30(8):73-77.HU C M,SHI L,GONG R,et al.Progress on bovine mycoplasmosis[J].Progress in veterinary medicine,2009,30(8):73-77 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
EARLEY B,BUCKHAM SPORER K,GUPTA S.Invited review:relationship between cattle transport,immunity and respiratory disease [J].Animal,2017,11(3):486-492. [百度学术]
HADDADI S,KOZIEL J A,ENGELKEN T J.Analytical approaches for detection of breath VOC biomarkers of cattle diseases-a review[J/OL].Analytica chimica acta,2022,1206:339565[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2022.339565. [百度学术]
WALZ P H,CHAMORRO M F,M FALKENBERG S,et al.Bovine viral diarrhea virus:an updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology,hosts,immunosuppression,and vaccination[J].Journal of veterinary internal medicine,2020,34(5):1690-1706. [百度学术]
BELL R L,TURKINGTON H L,COSBY S L.The bacterial and viral agents of BRDC:immune evasion and vaccine developments[J].Vaccines,2021,9(4):337[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9040337. [百度学术]
ALEXANDER T W,TIMSIT E,AMAT S.The role of the bovine respiratory bacterial microbiota in health and disease[J].Animal health research reviews,2020,21(2):168-171. [百度学术]
SRIKUMARAN S,KELLING C L,AMBAGALA A.Immune evasion by pathogens of bovine respiratory disease complex.Animal health research reviews,2007,8(2):215-229. [百度学术]
SHIN C,LEE H N,RYU J S,et al.Rapid naked-eye detection of Gram-positive bacteria by vancomycin-based nano-aggregation[J].RSC advances,2018,8(44):25094-25103. [百度学术]
刘晓雅,王朝好,李婷,等.牛支原体病诊断技术的研究进展 [J].中国兽医科学,2020,50(10):1294-1300.LIU X Y,WANG C H,LI T,et al.Research progress on diagnosis of Mycoplasma bovis infection [J].Chinese veterinary science,2020,50(10):1294-1300 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
LOY J D,LEGER L,WORKMAN A M,et al.Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay using two thermocycling platforms for detection of major bacterial pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease complex from clinical samples[J].Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation2018,30(6):837-847. [百度学术]
PELTZER D,TOBLER K,FRAEFEL C,et al.Rapid and simple colorimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for the detection of Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1[J/OL].Journal of virological methods,2021,289:114041[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.114041. [百度学术]
肖淦文,陈颖钰,彭清洁,等.牛支原体、巴氏杆菌A型和化脓隐秘杆菌多重PCR快速检测方法的建立[J].中国奶牛,2012(21):4-9.XIAO G W,CHEN Y Y,PENG Q J,et al.Establishment of multiple PCR to detect Mycoplasma bovis,Pasteurella multocida type A,and Arcanobacterium pyogenes[J].China dairy cattle,2012(21):4-9 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
白智迪.牛支原体LAMP检测方法的建立及体外传代致弱菌株的特性鉴定[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2011.BAI Z D.Establishment of lamp detection method for Mycoplasma bovis and characterization of the attenuated strain by culture in vitro[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2011 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
AKTER A,CALDWELL J M,PIGHETTI G M,et al.Hematological and immunological responses to naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in newly received beef calves in a commercial stocker farm[J/OL].Journal of animal science,2022,100(2):skab363[2022-11-04].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34902025/.DOI:10.1093/jas/skab363. [百度学术]
DUMMER L A,ARAUJO I L,CAMPOS F S,et al.Development of an indirect ELISA for serological diagnosis of bovine herpesvirus 5 [J/OL].PLoS One,2016,11(2):e0149134[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149134. [百度学术]
KHAN F A,FAISAL M,CHAO J,et al.Immunoproteomic identification of MbovP579,a promising diagnostic biomarker for serological detection of Mycoplasma bovis infection [J].Oncotarget,2016,7(26):39376-39395. [百度学术]
李艳婷,侯喜林.牛呼吸道合胞体病毒双抗体夹心ELISA检测方法的建立 [J].中国人兽共患病学报,2017,33:628-636.LI Y T,HOU X L.Establishment and evaluation of DAS-ELISA for detecting bovine respiratory syncytial virus [J].Chinese journal of zoonoses,2017,33:628-636(in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
陈林军,于志超,赵治国,等.牛传染性鼻气管炎研究现状 [J].动物医学进展,2019,40(10):102-106.CHEN L J,YU Z C,ZHAO Z G,et al.Progress on infection bovine rhinotracheitis [J].Progress in veterinary medicine,2019,40(10):102-106 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
BOCHUKOVA E G,LAWLER K,CROIZIER S,et al.A transcriptomic signature of the hypothalamic response to fasting and BDNF deficiency in prader-willi syndrome[J].Cell reports,2018,22(13):3401-3408. [百度学术]
SUN H Z,SRITHAYAKUMAR V,JIMINEZ J,et al.Longitudinal blood transcriptomic analysis to identify molecular regulatory patterns of bovine respiratory disease in beef cattle [J].Genomics,2020,112(6):3968-3977. [百度学术]
LI J,MUKIIBI R,JIMINEZ J,et al.Applying multi-omics data to study the genetic background of bovine respiratory disease infection in feedlot crossbred cattle [J/OL].Frontiers in genetics,2022,13:1046192 [2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1046192. [百度学术]
JIMINEZ J,TIMSIT E,ORSEL K,et al.Whole-blood transcriptome analysis of feedlot cattle with and without bovine respiratory disease [J/OL].Frontiers in genetics,2021,12:627623[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2021.627623. [百度学术]
FRAENKEL P G.Anemia of inflammation:a review [J].The medical clinics of North America,2017,101(2):285-296. [百度学术]
OMRAN F,KYROU I,OSMAN F,et al.Cardiovascular biomarkers:lessons of the past and prospects for the future[J/OL].International journal of molecular sciences,2022,23(10):5680[2022-11-04].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35628490/.DOI:10.3390/ijms23105680. [百度学术]
BURCIAGA-ROBLES L O,KREHBIEL C R,STEP D L,et al.Effects of exposure to calves persistently infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1b and Mannheimia haemolytica challenge on animal performance,nitrogen balance,and visceral organ mass in beef steers[J].Journal of animal science,2010,88(6):2179-2188. [百度学术]
KAYSER W C,CARSTENS G E,PARSONS I L,et al.Efficacy of statistical process control procedures to identify deviations in continuously measured physiologic and behavioral variables in beef steers experimentally challenged with Mannheimia haemolytica[J/OL].Journal of animal science,2020,98(2):*skaa009*[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa009. [百度学术]
EL-DEEB W,ELSOHABY I,FAYEZ M,et al.Use of procalcitonin,neopterin,haptoglobin,serum amyloid A and proinflammatory cytokines in diagnosis and prognosis of bovine respiratory disease in feedlot calves under field conditions[J/OL].Acta tropica,2020,204:105336[2022-11-04].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31926143/.DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105336. [百度学术]
CARTER J N,MEREDITH G L,MONTELONGO M,et al.Relationship of vitamin E supplementation and antimicrobial treatment with acute-phase protein responses in cattle affected by naturally acquired respiratory tract disease[J].American journal of veterinary research,2002,63(8):1111-1117. [百度学术]
WOLFGER B,SCHWARTZKOPF-GENSWEIN K S,BARKEMA H W,et al.Feeding behavior as an early predictor of bovine respiratory disease in North American feedlot systems[J].Journal of animal science,2015,93(1):377-385. [百度学术]
HUMBLET M F,COGHE J,LEKEUX P,et al.Acute phase proteins assessment for an early selection of treatments in growing calves suffering from bronchopneumonia under field conditions[J].Research in veterinary science,2004,77(1):41-47. [百度学术]
BERRY B A,CONFER A W,KREHBIEL C R,et al.Effects of dietary energy and starch concentrations for newly received feedlot calves:II.Acute-phase protein response[J].Journal of animal science,2004,82(3):845-850. [百度学术]
IDOATE I,VANDER LEY B,SCHULTZ L,et al.Acute phase proteins in naturally occurring respiratory disease of feedlot cattle[J].Veterinary immunology and immunopathology,2015,163(3/4):221-226. [百度学术]
KAWABATA H.Transferrin and transferrin receptors update[J].Free radical biology and medicine,2019,133:46-54. [百度学术]
LEE D Y,KIM E,CHOI M H.Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress [J].BMB reports,2015,48(4):209-216. [百度学术]
MCMANUS R,BODEN L A,WEIR W,et al.Thermography for disease detection in livestock:a scoping review[J/OL].Frontiers in veterinary science,2022,9:965622[2022-11-04].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36016809/.DOI:10.3389/fvets.2022.965622. [百度学术]
郭爱珍.牛呼吸疾病综合征及其防治[J].中国奶牛,2011(24):7-11.GUO A Z.The prevalence and control of bovine respiratory disease complex[J].China dairy cattle,2011(24):7-11 (in Chinese with English abstract). [百度学术]
TSCHONER T,FEIST M.Substance P concentrations in the blood plasma and serum of adult cattle and calves during different painful procedures and conditions:a systematic review[J/OL].BMC veterinary research,2022,18(1):232[2022-11-04].https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-022-03304-6. [百度学术]
ZEINELDIN M,GHANEM M,EL-RAOF Y A,et al.Clinical utilization of point-of-care blood L-lactate concentrations in naturally occurring respiratory disease in feedlot cattle[J].Pakistan veterinary journal ,2017,37(2):210-215. [百度学术]
FERRARO S,FECTEAU G,DUBUC J,et al.Scoping review on clinical definition of bovine respiratory disease complex and related clinical signs in dairy cows[J].Journal of dairy science,2021,104(6):7095-7108. [百度学术]