摘要
为比较施用有机肥替代化肥对果蔬产量品质及果蔬和土壤中重金属含量的影响,采用田间小区试验,连续三季蔬菜(小白菜、萝卜、辣椒)和多年柑橘(马家柚)施用有机肥。以不施肥(CK)和施用化肥(CF)为对照,设置2种有机肥的化肥等氮量施用处理(OF1、OF2)。结果显示:与CF处理相比,OF1、OF2处理均能保证前两季蔬菜以及马家柚的产量不下降,并显著提高马家柚可溶性固形物以及蔬菜土壤有机质的含量。前两季蔬菜不同处理间重金属含量差异不显著,但OF1、OF2处理的萝卜可食部Pb含量已临近限量标准;在第三季蔬菜中,OF1、OF2处理的辣椒可食部Cr、As、Cu、Zn含量较CF处理均出现显著积累。OF1处理的马家柚果肉与果皮Pb含量已超出限量标准,OF2处理也已接近限量标准。蔬菜土壤各项重金属含量远低于风险管控值,但Pb、Cd、Hg较CF处理均出现了显著性积累,其中Hg含量积累速度最快。结果表明,2种等氮有机肥施用均能在短期内提高果蔬的产量及品质,改善土壤理化性质,但同时也会增加土壤重金属的积累。因此,连续施用有机肥,将存在果蔬重金属含量超标的风险。
耕地质量是我国农业绿色、可持续发展、经济发展和社会稳定的基础核
畜禽粪便制成的有机肥是增加土壤有机质、改善农产品品质的重要肥料来源。由于畜禽对饲料中的重金属利用率偏低,大部分会随粪便排出,致使畜禽粪便富含重金属,成为商品有机肥中重金属污染的主要来
施用有机肥虽可提升土壤养分,但长期施用则会加大土壤及生物重金属污染的风险。因此,有机肥的选择、管理、施用方式等安全控制至关重要。本试验通过探究有机肥连续施用对土壤和果蔬重金属含量的影响,明确有机肥料中重金属对土壤和果蔬存在的污染风险,以期为合理施用并推广有机肥,降低农业污染风险,保障农产品质量安全,维护农田生态系统健康提供理论参考。
本研究均采用田间试验,其中蔬菜试验点位于华中农业大学田间试验基地(114.54°E,30.28°N),土壤为黄棕壤,基本理化性状为pH 5.05、有机质21.45 g/kg、碱解氮82.37 mg/kg、速效磷30.53 mg/kg、速效钾133.52 mg/kg;马家柚试验点位于江西上饶广丰区(118.19°E,28.27°N),土壤为山地黄红壤,基本理化性状为:pH 5.82、有机质23.97 g/kg、碱解氮120.86 mg/kg、速效磷14.75 mg/kg、速效钾183.89 mg/kg。蔬菜为三季蔬菜连作,分别是:小白菜(上海青)、萝卜(广州南畔洲晚萝卜)以及辣椒(鼎萝一号辣椒);马家柚为12年树龄的枳砧红肉马家柚。蔬菜习惯施肥处理用的常规化肥尿素(46%)、过磷酸钙(12%)和氯化钾(60%),所用有机肥为部分超过华中华南地区调查有机肥样品重金属平均值含量的2种有机
试验作物 Test crop | 处理 Treatment | pH | 有机质/% Organic matter | N/(mg/ kg) | P2O5/(mg/kg) | K2O/(mg/kg) | Cr/(mg/kg) | Cu/(mg/kg) | Zn/ (mg/ kg) | As/(mg/kg) | Cd/(mg/kg) | Hg/(mg/kg) | Pb/(mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
蔬菜 Vegetables | OF1 | 5.5 | 48.99 | 3.19 | 1.05 | 1.12 | 10.90 | 9.78 | 27.28 | 0.85 | 0.28 | 0.22 | 13.96 |
OF2 | 6.8 | 53.08 | 1.18 | 3.41 | 0.93 | 10.35 | 33.11 | 128.92 | 10.35 | 0.13 | 0.61 | 26.12 | |
马家柚 Majia pomelo | OF1 | 6.1 | 48.77 | 1.52 | 1.22 | 2.82 | 30.31 | 17.09 | 53.12 | 8.61 | 0.45 | 0.12 | 21.25 |
OF2 | 5.8 | 45.65 | 1.34 | 1.41 | 2.63 | 21.96 | 9.72 | 84.93 | 1.67 | 0.60 | 0.06 | 9.81 |
试验设4个处理:不施肥对照(CK)、习惯施肥(化肥CF)、等氮有机肥处理1(OF1)、等氮有机肥处理2(OF2)。蔬菜为完全随机区组的田间试验,每个处理重复3次,共12个试验小区,每个小区面积5.4
试验作物 | CK | CF | OF1 | OF2 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test crop | N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O | N | P2O5 | K2O |
小白菜 Cabbage | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 12 | 34.7 | 9.5 |
萝卜 Radish | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4.8 | 8 | 0.5 | 12 | 3.9 | 12 | 34.7 | 9.5 |
辣椒 Pepper | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 12 | 34.7 | 9.5 |
马家柚 Majia pomelo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 20.9 | 16.5 | 38.5 | 20.9 | 21.45 | 40.7 |
蔬菜种植3季不同品种蔬菜。(1)小白菜组于2020年9月1日进行田间施肥,所有肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土壤,2 d后进行小白菜种子的播种,7 d后选取长势一致的幼苗进行定植(20 cm×20 cm),于2020年10月22日收获,期间实施正常的田间管理。(2)萝卜组于2020年10月31日进行田间施肥,氮肥分作2次追肥,其他肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土壤,2 d后进行萝卜种子的播种,14 d后选取长势一致的幼苗进行定植(25 cm×25 cm),于2021年2月24日收获,期间实施正常的田间管理。(3)辣椒于2021年4月1日进行田间施肥,氮肥分作2次追肥,其他肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土壤,2 d后进行辣椒种子的播种,14 d后选取长势一致的幼苗进行定植(25 cm×25 cm),于2021年7月1日收获。蔬菜种植期间均实施正常的除草浇水等田间管理。
选取长期施用有机肥及不施用有机肥的马家柚果园,于2020年3月5日对果树进行不同施肥处理,习惯处理期间作一次追肥,其他肥料均作为基肥一次性施入土壤,于2020年11月4日进行果实与土壤采样,期间实施正常的田间管理。
果蔬质量采用百分之一天平测定,蔬菜产量=单株蔬菜质量×单位面积内蔬菜株数,马家柚产量=挂果数×单果质量;果蔬纵径、横径、果长、果肩宽均采用30 cm直尺测量,果皮厚、叶片厚采用游标卡尺测量;蔬菜叶面积采用Image J分析;果实可溶性固形物(TSS)采用手持数显糖量计(日本,PAL- 1)测定;果实可滴定酸(TA,用柠檬酸表示)采用氢氧化钠中和滴定法测定;果实维生素C(Vc)采用2, 6-二氯靛酚氧化还原滴定法测定;固酸比=可溶性固形物(TSS)/可滴定酸(TA);果形指数=果实纵径/横径,出汁率=(果汁质量/果肉质量)×100%。
果蔬重金属含量测定采用硝酸/高氯酸4∶1 消解-ICP-MS法;土壤重金属含量测定采用王水消解-ICP-MS法,有机质含量测定采用外加热重铬酸钾容量法,碱解氮采用碱解扩散法,速效磷采用0.5 mol/L碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法,速效钾采用 NH4OAc 浸提-火焰光度法,EC值采用电极法(HJ 802-2016),pH值采用pH计法(土水比1∶2.5)(NY/T 1121.2-2006)。分别采用果蔬重金属含量限量国家标准(GB 2762-2005《 食品中污染物限量》)、农用地土壤(pH≤5.5)重金属含量限量国家标准(GB 15618-2018《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)),作为分析试验作物与土壤的重金属含量是否超标的依据。
等氮有机肥完全替代化肥,能够在短期内满足果蔬的生长和产量要求,同时相较单施化肥还能提高果蔬的品质。与CF相比,OF1和OF2处理均能保证第一季和第二季蔬菜以及马家柚的产量不下降。同时,OF2显著提高了小白菜和辣椒的产量,分别增产13.8%和19.2%(

图1 不同施肥处理对果蔬产量的影响
Fig.1 Effects of different types of fertilizers on yield of vegetables and fruits
同一品种不同处理组的不同字母表示各组之间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。下同。Data marked with different letters in the same column is significantly different from each other(P<0.05). The same as below.
试验作物 Test crop | 指标 Indicators | CK | CF | OF1 | OF2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
小白菜 Cabbage | 株高/cm Plant height | 16.27±0.49b | 20.40±0.62a | 22.00±0.95a | 22.19±0.56a |
叶片数 Leaf number | 8.67±0.38b | 11.78±0.29a | 12.11±0.40a | 11.08±0.47a | |
叶片厚度/cm Blade thickness | 0.55±0.01b | 0.60±0.01a | 0.63±0.17a | 0.64±0.23a | |
叶面积/c | 39.59±0.44c | 58.40±0.78b | 61.44±0.24a | 61.61±0.64a | |
萝卜 Radish | 横径/mm Transverse diameter | 2.40±0.23b | 3.40±0.20a | 3.35±0.24a | 3.94±0.25a |
纵径/mm Longitudinal diameter | 11.97±0.60b | 15.94±0.74a | 15.90±0.18a | 16.56±0.20a | |
辣椒 Pepper | 单果质量/g Fruit quality | 14.28±0.72d | 21.62±2.27b | 18.14±1.15c | 25.77±1.54a |
果长/cm Fruit long | 17.17±3.29a | 17.20±1.77a | 17.90±1.06a | 20.73±0.49a | |
果肩宽/cm Fruit shoulder breadth | 2.20±0.36bc | 2.93±0.38a | 2.17±0.25c | 2.77±0.31abc |
注: 同一列中不同字母表示数据间具有显著差异(P<0.05)。下同。Note:Data marked with different letters in the same column is significantly different from each other(P<0.05). The same as below.
指标 Indicators | CK | CF | OF1 | OF2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
单果质量/kg Fruit quality | 1.55±0.04c |
1.73± 0.03b |
1.83± 0.02a |
1.81± 0.01a |
横径/mm Transverse diameter | 172.63±1.90b | 186.47±1.57a | 186.03±2.23a | 183.93±1.47a |
纵径/mm Longitudinal diameter | 172.80±2.27b | 187.38±1.54a | 192.38±1.89a | 191.63±1.01a |
果形指数 Fruit shape index | 1.00±0.02a |
1.01± 0.01a |
1.03± 0.01a |
1.04± 0.01a |
可溶性固形物/% TSS | 8.31±0.21a |
8.03± 0.19b |
8.38± 0.31a |
8.37± 0.27a |
可滴定酸/% TA | 0.59±0.07a |
0.68± 0.04a |
0.62± 0.06a |
0.61±0 .03a |
固酸比 TSS/TA | 14.60±1.84a | 11.86±0.55a | 13.70±0.87a | 13.72±0.56a |
维生素C/ (mg/100 g) VC | 47.94±2.70a | 49.91±1.45a | 51.67±1.77a | 50.53±1.61a |
出汁率/% Juice yield | 53.55±2.13a | 56.16±3.68a | 57.62±3.01a | 56.44±1.01a |
由

图2 不同施肥处理对土壤有机质含量的影响
Fig.2 Effects of different types of fertilizers on organic matter content of soi
试验作物 Test crop | 处理 Treatment | 碱解氮/ (mg/kg) Alkali-N | 速效磷/ (mg/kg) Olsen-P | 速效钾/ (mg/kg) Avail-K | pH | EC/ (μS/cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
小白菜 Cabbage | CK | 78.54±1.25b | 27.38±2.44b | 123.10±6.50b | 5.04±0.02a | 215.65±2.37a |
CF | 87.82±1.52a | 34.83±1.20a | 153.10±8.41ab | 4.85±0.03b | 212.60±3.61a | |
OF1 | 87.27±2.77a | 34.28±1.32a | 151.60±15.98ab | 5.07±0.03a | 225.60±10.61a | |
OF2 | 85.91±1.89a | 35.45±2.45a | 157.10±3.61a | 5.15±0.07a | 207.10±9.01a | |
萝卜 Radish | CK | 77.02±0.92c | 25.94±0.82c | 120.16±4.35c | 5.07±0.03a | 215.67±8.29a |
CF | 87.87±0.95ab | 35.69±0.44b | 157.65±2.96ab | 4.84±0.04b | 209.50±11.21a | |
OF1 | 84.96±0.92b | 32.58±1.30b | 146.18±2.31b | 5.06±0.03a | 220.57±7.03a | |
OF2 | 88.66±1.06a | 54.10±1.05a | 169.64±5.69a | 5.10±0.02a | 228.63±8.30a | |
辣椒 Pepper | CK | 70.09±0.16c | 24.81±0.92d | 85.33±0.58c | 4.80±0.02c | 215.63±4.13a |
CF | 123.20±4.85a | 40.12±0.60c | 179.67±0.58b | 4.31±0.01d | 208.60±6.13a | |
OF1 | 126.93±9.01a | 80.94±2.84a | 219.10±4.36a | 5.20±0.01b | 224.30±8.04a | |
OF2 | 93.33±1.62b | 76.03±4.09b | 222.10±7.55a | 6.67±0.03a | 226.45±4.17a | |
马家柚 Majia pomelo | CK | 97.09±0.72b | 33.04±1.27a | 194.60±10.04b | 4.46±0.02b | 250.52±12.77a |
CF | 102.27±0.94a | 34.49±1.51a | 202.60±4.77ab | 4.47±0.02b | 255.53±2.91a | |
OF1 | 104.18±1.19a | 35.59±1.76a | 222.10±10.15a | 4.56±0.01a | 261.17±3.49a | |
OF2 | 103.91±0.82a | 34.55±2.15a | 225.10±3.04a | 4.51±0.01b | 255.15±4.22a |
有机肥连续施用会增加果蔬重金属含量超标的风险。由
试验作物 Test crop | 部位 Part | 处理 Treatment | Pb/ (μg/kg) | Cd/ (μg/kg) | Cr/ (μg/kg) | As/ (μg/kg) | Hg/ (μg/kg) | Cu/ (μg/kg) | Zn/(mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
小白菜 Cabbage |
可食部 Edible part | CK | 40.07±0.43a | 10.97±0.38a | 12.66±1.62a | 5.70±0.49a | 1.42±0.02a | 118.18±3.46a | 1.08±0.05a |
CF | 41.73±0.83a | 10.89±0.23a | 12.47±0.72a | 5.73±0.47a | 1.38±0.06a | 114.42±4.47a | 1.07±0.08a | ||
OF1 | 44.27±3.85a | 11.41±0.72a | 14.12±2.78a | 5.99±0.41a | 1.46±0.13a | 123.89±3.33a | 1.09±0.06a | ||
OF2 | 44.65±3.07a | 12.05±0.56a | 14.76±1.87a | 5.84±0.43a | 1.39±0.09a | 125.07±5.26a | 1.14±0.03a | ||
萝卜 Radish |
可食部 Edible part | CK | 84.52±2.96a | 12.70±1.09a | 257.01±27.58a | 27.22±2.41a | 2.95±0.48a | 341.24±11.59a | 4.40±0.11a |
CF | 83.65±5.43a | 12.56±0.83a | 255.30±13.23a | 28.07±0.29a | 3.31±0.47a | 341.83±18.76a | 4.42±0.18a | ||
OF1 | 92.32±4.10a | 14.71±1.08a | 273.63±13.09a | 31.85±3.28a | 3.48±0.40a | 359.75±20.81a | 4.39±0.27a | ||
OF2 | 92.78±4.08a | 14.72±0.83a | 272.23±8.28a | 33.14±3.55a | 2.83±0.31a | 367.33±13.10a | 4.44±0.13a | ||
辣椒 Pepper |
可食部 Edible part | CK | 35.07±0.97c | 4.51±0.73a | 24.99±2.92c | 6.54±0.21d | 未检出 ND | 42.40±3.75d | 3.06±0.44c |
CF | 45.44±1.37a | 3.35±0.31b | 31.66±3.61bc | 7.14±.68bcd | 未检出 ND | 50.17±3.29c | 3.50±0.09bc | ||
OF1 | 28.67±0.32d | 2.55±0.34bc | 39.00±10.42ab | 7.99±0.65b | 未检出 ND | 57.69±2.67a | 4.79±0.34a | ||
OF2 | 38.47±0.78bc | 2.67±0.13bd | 48.95±5.31a | 10.61±0.74a | 未检出 ND | 51.57±1.62bc | 4.94±0.59a | ||
马家柚 Majia pomelo |
果肉 Pulp | CK | 156.58±0.89d | 9.36±2.41b | 46.74±8.14a | 28.57±2.22a | 3.93±0.11b | 1 555.89±164.85c | 3.36±0.09b |
CF | 162.12±0.47c | 11.42±1.24ab | 44.81±11.24a | 30.77±2.26a | 4.59±0.58ab | 1 617.28±15.06bc | 3.52±0.14b | ||
OF1 | 205.02±0.38a | 14.93±1.08ab | 61.89±6.60a | 41.04±9.94a | 6.59±1.29a | 1 944.82±75.41ab | 4.42±0.05a | ||
OF2 | 196.92±0.44b | 16.88±1.70a | 69.21±30.43a | 34.88±5.80a | 4.92±0.38ab | 2 047.81±5.39a | 4.20±0.23a | ||
果皮 Skin | CK | 159.26±0.22c | 9.52±2.55a | 40.18±16.17a | 30.33±0.38a | 3.99±0.01b | 936.53±22.56c | 2.41±0.10a | |
CF | 158.53±0.22c | 10.54±2.90a | 39.99±20.02a | 28.69±3.98a | 4.34±0.18b | 1 030.84±8.06b | 2.40±0.12a | ||
OF1 | 203.93±0.41a | 12.89±4.46a | 50.86±9.89a | 34.93±1.76a | 5.23±0.19a | 1 264.57±6.79a | 3.07±0.31a | ||
OF2 | 194.99±0.13b | 10.03±2.74a | 42.13±11.69a | 34.64±2.95a | 5.16±0.16a | 1 295.14±4.49a | 3.05±0.43a |
有机肥连续施用会造成土壤重金属含量的积累。由

图3 不同施肥处理对蔬菜土壤重金属含量的影响
Fig.3 Effects of different types of fertilizers on heavy metals contents of vegetable soil
处理 Treatment | Pb/ (mg/kg) | Cd/ (μg/kg) | Cr/ (mg/kg) | As/ (mg/kg) | Hg/ (μg/kg) | Cu/ (mg/kg) | Zn/ (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CK | 36.73±1.27a | 170.36±13.38a | 65.34±0.54a | 9.91±1.12b | 67.04±1.00a | 26.23±1.38a | 92.57±2.18a |
CF | 36.61±1.46a | 171.61±15.72a | 65.18±1.47a | 11.15±0.19ab | 66.14±1.14a | 26.80±0.39a | 93.19±1.64a |
OF1 | 38.08±1.36a | 191.04±24.91a | 67.44±0.74a | 12.34±0.24a | 67.85±2.68a | 27.79±0.69a | 95.41±1.79a |
OF2 | 37.53±0.61a | 179.55±6.75a | 67.88±1.17a | 11.75±0.33ab | 68.72±5.01a | 28.81±0.20a | 96.78±2.52a |
在兼顾作物产量和改善土壤理化性状的双重考虑下,有机肥替代部分化肥是当前农业生产中一种很好的施肥方式,但由于替代比例不明确,使有机肥的应用受到一定限制。有机肥部分替代化肥较单施化肥相比能提高生菜、甜瓜等作物产量和品
目前许多研究对于有机肥施用会带来土壤重金属积累问题已达成共识,特别是Pb、As、Hg元素,我们在施用等氮量有机肥后发现其在土壤、果蔬中均表现出较强的积累性,有增加蔬菜Pb含量超标的风险,并直接导致马家柚果实Pb含量超标,这与施用有机肥显著增加番茄、茴香中Cr、Pb、As含量的结果一
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