摘要
为了解白介素在黄鳝抗维氏气单胞菌(Aeromonas veronii)感染过程中的分子机制,利用生物信息学方法分析了黄鳝il-6、il-12p35、il-12p40、il-15、ebi3和il-34基因及其编码蛋白的序列特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)方法分析了这些基因在健康和维氏气单胞菌感染后黄鳝中的表达模式。结果显示,黄鳝6个白介素蛋白氨基酸序列与尼罗罗非鱼相似性最高且进化关系最近;6个白介素基因与其他鱼类的基因结构基本相同;共线性分析显示il-15在进化上相对保守;白介素基因在健康黄鳝不同组织中均有表达;与对照组相比,白介素基因的表达在维氏气单胞菌感染后均发生了显著变化,其中,il-6、il-12p35和ebi3参与早期阶段的黄鳝抗菌免疫反应。研究结果表明,il-6、il-12p35、il-12p40、il-15、ebi3和il-34基因在黄鳝抵抗病原入侵的免疫防御活动中均有调控作用。
细胞因子是免疫调节的重要因子,参与脊椎动物免疫系统的各种调节过
白介素作为Ⅰ型α螺旋细胞因子主要部分,能够参与炎症反应和多种细胞间的相互作用,通过促进免疫细胞的活化、增殖及分化,对机体抵抗外界病原起着调控功
黄鳝(Monopterus albus)是我国重要的淡水底层经济鱼类,随着养殖规模的扩大,黄鳝疾病逐渐增多,其中细菌性疾病,如嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、维氏气单胞菌(A. veronii)和迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)感染,不断威胁着黄鳝的可持续生产,给黄鳝养殖业造成巨大的经济损
从长江大学黄鳝研究中心收集体质量(47.0±1.2) g的黄鳝,在水温为26~28 ℃和水深约10 cm的水槽中避光养殖。每天喂食2次商业颗粒饲料,让黄鳝适应实验室条件2周。选取健康无病理症状的黄鳝用于试验。所有试验遵循中国实验动物管理法,并经长江大学动物伦理委员会批准。
黄鳝il-6、il-15、il-12p35、il-12p40、ebi3和il-34的序列从黄鳝基因组(GenBank登录号AONE00000000.1)和笔者所在实验室测定的黄鳝转录组库中查找获得,并通过基因克隆确定序列的正确性,来自其他物种的相同基因的序列从NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)下载,在Expasy(https://www.expasy.org/)利用ProParam进行预测对应编码蛋白质的物理化学性质,包括分子质量、氨基酸组成和理论等电点,利用Ident and Sim网站(http://www.bioinformatics.org/sms2/ident_sim.html)分析黄鳝和其他物种之间的基因相似性,利用MEGA 6软件中的邻接法构建黄鳝和其他物种基因的系统进化树。
为了确定组织表达模式并鉴定mRNA表达水平的差异,从6尾健康黄鳝中无菌收集脑(BR)、心脏(H)、肠(I)、肝(L)、脾(SP)、肾(K)、皮肤(SK)和肌肉(M)8种不同的组织,放入Trizol试剂中并在-80 ℃条件下保存、用于提取总RNA。将提取的总RNA用MonScrip
为了研究细菌感染后黄鳝6个白介素基因的表达变化,选择维氏气单胞菌进行注射感染试验。在预感染后,从单个有症状的鱼中重新分离细菌,并在培养前进行生化确认和PCR分子鉴定。然后,在液体LB培养基中,37 ℃ 220 r/min培养维氏气单胞菌过夜。按10倍梯度稀释1 mL细菌溶液,并将稀释液点在LB琼脂平板上,测定维氏气单胞菌的浓度。试验鱼腹腔注射200 μL 非致死浓度(1×1
基于6个白介素基因序列,使用Primer Premier 5.0设计用于qRT-PCR的特异性引物,并进行预试验,以确保所有引物都能扩增cDNA(
基因 Gene | 正向引物 Forward primer | 反向引物 Reverse primer |
---|---|---|
ef-1α | CGGTGTGAAGCAGCTCATCGT | GCAGAGTGGTTCCAGTGGCATT |
il-6 | CCACCTGGAAACACGACTAC | CCAACAAGTGAAGACAAGCC |
il-12p35 | ACATCACCACCATCATTCC | CTGTTGTGCCGCATACG |
il-12p40 | TCCAAACAAACAGGTAGGC | CATAAGGAGAAGTCCACATT |
il-15 | CTGTAGCAGAGAAAGGCATC | TAAGACACAAAGCCACACCT |
ebi3 | CTTGACTCTCTGTTCCTGGC | GAAGCGGATGAAGAGTTAGG |
il-34 | TTCCAAAGTCTACCAAACGG | CAAGAAACCCAAGTAGCAGA |
6个白介素基因的GenBank登录号、开放阅读框(ORF)、编码氨基酸的长度、蛋白质理论分子量和理论等电点(pI)的数据见
基因 Gene | GenBank登录号 GenBank accession No. | 开放阅读框/bp ORF | 氨基酸数 Length of amino acid | 分子质量/ku Molecular weight | 理论等电点 Theoretical pI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
il-6 | XM_020606781.1 | 702 | 233 | 25.85 | 5.20 |
il-12p35 | XM_020615649.1 | 633 | 210 | 23.26 | 6.30 |
il-12p40 | XM_020594563.1 | 1 059 | 352 | 40.50 | 8.95 |
il-15 | XM_020591821.1 | 612 | 203 | 23.41 | 5.33 |
ebi3 | XM_020614053.1 | 747 | 248 | 27.33 | 8.12 |
il-34 | XM_020604406.1 | 657 | 218 | 25.66 | 8.22 |
系统进化树显示,黄鳝的6种白介素蛋白与其他物种的相应蛋白聚在同一分支,高度一致(

图1 黄鳝和其他物种中6个白介素蛋白的系统进化树
Fig.1 Phylogenetic trees of six interleukin proteins in swamp eel and other species
在蛋白质相似性分析中,IL-6、IL-12p35、IL-15、IL-12p40、EBI3和IL-34与来自其他物种的同源蛋白质相似,相似度为27.05%~81.19%(
蛋白 Protein | 尼罗罗非鱼 Oreochromis niloticus | 布氏朴丽鱼 Haplochromis burtoni | 美妊丽鱼 Astatotilapia calliptera | 热带爪蟾 Xenopus tropicalis | 人类 Homo sapiens |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-6 | 46.28 | 40.16 | 43.44 | 32.32 | 34.55 |
IL-12p35 | 61.50 | 60.00 | 60.48 | 31.05 | 32.66 |
IL-12p40 | 74.72 | 73.30 | 73.02 | 42.06 | 35.33 |
IL-15 | 49.51 | 46.98 | 47.65 | 27.05 | 30.00 |
EBI3 | 76.89 | 74.50 | 74.50 | 41.43 | 41.60 |
IL-34 | 81.19 | 79.82 | 79.36 | 31.14 | 36.18 |
利用NCBI和Ensembl数据库分析6个黄鳝白介素的基因组基因结构。结果显示,这6个黄鳝白介素基因的基因组结构与尼罗罗非鱼、布氏朴丽鱼(Haplochromis burtoni)和美妊丽鱼(Astatotilapia calliptera)相似。黄鳝il-6具有5个外显子和4个内含子(

图2 黄鳝与其他动物6个白介素基因的结构示意图
Fig.2 Genomic gene organization of six interleukin genes in swamp eel and other animals
A:il-6;B:il-12p35;C:il-12p40;D:il-15;E:ebi3;F:il-34. 黑盒代表外显子,内含子时相以罗马数字显示,外显子和内含子的碱基对大小分别显示在黑盒中部和黑线上方。The black box represents the exon, the intron reality is shown in Roman numerals, and the base pair sizes of the exon and intron are shown in the middle of the black box and above the black line, respectively.
对黄鳝的6个白介素基因进行分析,并与其他脊椎动物的相应基因进行比较,以确定基因的顺序和转录方向(

图3 基因共线性示意图
Fig.3 Schematic representation of gene synteny
A:il-6;B:il-12p35;C:il-12p40;D:il-15;E:ebi3;F:il-34. 所研究的基因用大方框突出显示,不同的基因用不同颜色表示,框架箭头表示基因转录的方向。空白框表示基因存在但名称不明确,横线代表染色体,线上的数字代表间隔的基因个数。The studied genes are highlighted by big boxes, different genes are represented by different colors, and the frame arrows represent the direction of gene transcription. The blank frame indicates that the gene exists but its name is not clear, the horizontal line represents chromosome, and the number on the line represents the number of genes at intervals.
为了检测il-6、il-12p35、il-12p40、il-15、ebi3和il-34在黄鳝中的组织表达模式,使用qRT-PCR对这些基因的表达水平进行定量。这6个基因在健康黄鳝的所有8个组织中表达(

图4 健康黄鳝不同组织中6个白介素基因的表达模式
Fig.4 Expression pattern of six interleukin genes in various tissue in healthy swamp eel
A:il-6;B:il-12p35;C:il-12p40;D:il-15;E:ebi3;F:il-34. EF-1α作为内参使基因表达标准化,横坐标根据基因表达水平排序,柱上不同字母表示差异显著 (P<0.05)。EF-1α was used as the reference gene to standardize gene expression. The abscissa is sorted according to the level of gene expression. Different letters mean significant differences (P<0.05). BR:脑 Brain;H:心脏 Heart;I:肠 Intestine;L:肝 Liver;SP:脾 Spleen;K:肾 Kidney;SK:皮肤 Skin;M:肌肉 Muscle.
维氏气单胞菌感染后,黄鳝身体出现不同程度的弯曲并失去平衡;体表黏液的分泌减少,血液更加黏稠;部分脾脏肿大且呈海绵状,肾脏充血肿大,肠道充血并伴有分节现象;大部分基因的表达与未感染的对照组相比发生了显著变化(

图5 6个白介素基因在维氏气单胞菌感染后的表达变化
Fig.5 Gene expression of six interleukin genes in response to A. veronii challenges
A:il-6;B:il-12p35;C:il-12p40;D:il-15;E:ebi3;F:il-34.显著性为试验组与对照组间的比较结果,*. P < 0.05,**. P < 0.01。The results were compared between the experimental group and the control group, *. P < 0.05,**. P < 0.01. I:肠 Intestine;SP:脾 Spleen;K:肾 Kidney.
细胞因子是造血、免疫、过敏、炎症、组织重塑、血管生成和胚胎发育的关键介
6个基因的基因结构分析表明,尼罗罗非鱼中有一个额外的外显子,这是由于剪接突变导致普通外显子2中的一段外显子序列缺失,从而将普通外显子2分为外显子2、内含子2和外显子3,说明在尼罗罗非鱼进化过程中,il-12p35基因结构演化时出现了基因突
组织表达结果显示,在健康的黄鳝中il-6的表达似乎是组织依赖性的,其在大脑中的转录水平最高,表明il-6和神经组织之间存在相关性。据报道,在浪浦斯鱼(Cyclopterus lumpus L.)和大西洋大比目鱼(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)的大脑中也有高水平的il-
为了探究外来病原感染时黄鳝6个白介素基因的免疫防御作用,本试验用维氏气单胞菌腹腔注射感染黄鳝,检测6个白介素基因的表达变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,维氏气单胞菌的刺激能够影响6个白介素基因的表达,表明它们在黄鳝抵抗外界病原免疫活动中的潜在关键作用。黄鳝il-6应对维氏气单胞菌的表达模式与团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)il-6对嗜水气单胞菌的表达模式相
综上,本研究分析了黄鳝6个白介素基因,揭示这些基因在鱼类进化中具有较高的保守性。维氏气单胞菌能调节这6个白介素基因的表达,说明了白介素在黄鳝抵抗细菌的防御过程中能发挥重要作用,这可为深入探讨白介素基因的功能奠定理论基础。
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