摘要
硅作为有益元素,具有促进植物生长、提高作物产量的作用,同时硅在增强植物抗逆性方面也发挥着重要作用。为进一步探究硅增强植物抗逆性的深层作用机制,本文综述了硅增强植物抵御生物胁迫(包括病原菌、害虫等)及非生物胁迫(干旱、盐害、重金属等)方面的研究进展,认为硅可通过改善植物形态、平衡养分吸收、调节激素代谢、改良土壤性状等多种作用机制缓解胁迫。针对硅的未来研究方向进行了展望,如硅抵抗各种胁迫的耦合机制,深入研究硅提高植物抗逆性的生物化学及分子机制以及加强新型硅肥及配套施用技术的研发。
硅是地壳中的第二丰富元素,其含量仅次于
水稻缺硅的典型症状是叶尖坏死、生长停滞、叶片萎蔫、植株呈“垂柳状
番茄是“非喜硅作物
如今,随着人们对硅素营养的深入研究,硅在缓解植物各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫、增强植物抗逆性方面的优势已被充分证实。本文对现有研究成果进行综述,归纳了硅增强植物对生物胁迫和非生物胁迫抗性的相关作用机制,以期为施用硅肥增强作物抗逆性的研究提供理论支撑。
矿质营养可以影响作物对病害的防御能力,被认为是调控作物病害的重要影响因素之一,通过调节矿质营养元素含量可以减轻许多作物病害的发生程度。硅增强作物对病害的抵御能力已被许多学者证实。作为水稻的必需元素,研究表明,施硅可以显著降低水稻稻瘟病的发病率及病情指
1)物理防御。研究表明,禾本科植物叶片表皮细胞硅化现象明显,施硅处理增加了叶片表皮细胞单位面积硅化细胞的频
2)生化防御。物理防御机制是防止病原菌入侵的第一道屏障,除此之外,硅还参与生物化学防御过程。通过诱导植物自身合成次生代谢抗性物质以激活植物的诱导性防御,增强抵抗病原菌入侵的能力。Ng
3)分子防御。目前有关硅参与调控分子防御机制的相关研究较少。Rodrigues
害虫是严重影响农作物产量和品质的重要因素。植物抗虫性指害虫与植物之间在一定条件下相互作用的表现,研究表明在单子叶和双子叶植物中,植物体内硅含量与抗虫性呈正相
1)抗生性。抗生性是指由于植物具备某些特性,对害虫的侵害产生各种不利于害虫的反应,具体表现为害虫活动困难、食量减少、生殖力下降、生长发育延缓、体质量减轻、死亡率增高
2)耐害性。耐害性是害虫对作物有正趋性,但作物能耐受害虫的侵害而不致显著降低产量和品
3)不选择性。不选择性是由于植物的某些特性,害虫不趋向植物取食、产卵或栖
水作为生命之源,是保证农作物正常生长的第一要素,因此,干旱是影响农业生产的第一大威胁。干旱环境通常导致作物含水量降低、气孔关闭、生长受抑制、光合作用减弱、生理代谢紊乱等,严重时造成作物死亡。诸多研究证实,硅能显著提高干旱胁迫下水稻、玉米、黄瓜等多种作物的抗旱
1)改善植物根系发育。植物根系是植物吸收土壤中水分和矿质养分的重要器官,当植物遭遇干旱胁迫时,根系会最先感知并作出相应改变,如主根增长、侧根和根毛数量增多等。已有研究证实硅可以改善根系生长包括形态特征以及总根和主根长
2)参与硅化作用。植物吸收的硅主要以硅酸的形态运输到地上部,其中大部分硅酸沉积在细胞壁与表皮细胞的角质层之间,降低水分散失,减轻因强光失水过多而造成的萎蔫,提高植物对水分的吸收利
3)调节干旱胁迫下植物的生理代谢活动。干旱胁迫下施用外源硅肥可以有效平衡花生的离子稳态,增强光合色素的合成,并诱导可溶性糖和多酚类化合物等渗透物质的积累以缓解氧化应激,改善干旱胁迫下花生的生长和产
4)调控矿质营养吸收,维持养分平衡。诸多研究证明在干旱胁迫条件下施用硅肥能够调节植物对养分的吸收和转运,维持植物体的养分平衡,提高植物对环境胁迫的抵抗力。Chen
植物生长环境中的盐分超过其耐盐阈值时,通常会导致土壤水势下降,引发渗透压力,使植物吸水困难,甚至引起细胞脱水,诱发离子毒害,影响植物正常的生理代谢,抑制其生长发育,最终引起作物产量降低,品质下
1)稳定盐胁迫下作物细胞的结构和功
2)调节离子的选择性吸收以平衡离子浓度,减轻离子毒害。盐胁迫下植物对N
3)参与调控作物的生理代谢活动,提高作物耐盐性。Xie
近年来,重金属污染成为农业生产活动中不可回避的问题,植物在生长过程中,其种子萌发、根系发育和生理代谢过程等相关指标都会受到重金属的影响。研究表明,施加适量的外源硅肥能有效缓解重金属胁迫对植物生长的抑制和毒害作
1)提高土壤介质pH,降低重金属生物有效性。王怡璇
2)参与植物体的生理代谢活动,减缓重金属的毒害作用。Wang
3)调控相关基因的表达。Ma
诸多研究证实硅在增强作物抗倒伏、耐高温及抗冻害能力等方面也具有积极作用。佘恒志
目前硅增强植物的耐高温机制的研究较少。现有研究表明,外源硅能诱导增强水稻花器官的抗热能力,减轻结实率的降低,提高杂交水稻的耐高温
低温胁迫包括冷害和冻害两方面,冷害和冻害都会使植物的各项活动减缓或停止,严重威胁作物的产量形成及品质优化。硅增强植株抗冻性的机制主要包括硅化细胞及角质-硅质双层的形成,除增强物理防御外,硅参与植物体内的代谢活动以调节植物的生理生化指标,进而提高植株的抗冻
综上所述,施用硅肥对缓解植物生物胁迫和非生物胁迫具有积极作用,现将硅增强植物在抗旱、耐盐、抗病虫害、抗倒伏等生物和非生物胁迫下抗逆能力的主要内在机制做如下归纳(

图1 硅缓解植物生物及非生物胁迫的内在作用机制及外在表征(改自文献[
Fig. 1 Internal mechanism and external characterization of silicon alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants (modified from the reference [
硅作为地壳中除氧以外最丰富的元素,对植物的生长和发育起重要作用,并能增强植物抵抗各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的能力。目前,虽然已有大量报道阐述了硅可通过调控植株构型和影响生理生化代谢等途径缓解环境胁迫,但其深层作用机制尚未明确,还存在许多值得关注的问题,故对未来硅的研究方向提出以下几点展望:
1)硅抵抗各种胁迫的耦合机制。目前自然灾害频发,植物需同时抵御多重胁迫。例如高温伴随着干旱,生理性病害和虫害并发,这些情况下硅介导的植物主要生理代谢途径和分子生物学机制需要进一步探究,以便能在更加广泛的环境条件下,深入解析硅缓解多重胁迫的有效机制。
2)利用学科交叉技术,深入研究硅提高植物抗逆性的生物化学及分子机制。随着细胞生物学、基因组学、蛋白质组学以及代谢组学的发展,可将多学科技术手段应用于硅抗逆性的研究,进而将硅的研究从单一技术,拓展到细胞尺度代谢过程、基因调控多方面的研究领域,从而更加透彻地阐明硅素提高植物抗逆性的作用机制。
3)加强新型硅肥及配套施用技术的研发。由于硅素对植物的众多有益作用,目前硅肥也被广泛应用于农业生产。除了常见的速溶硅肥、液体硅肥、硅钾肥等,新型纳米硅肥和生物硅肥由于其良好的肥效也受到市场的积极推广。例如纳米硅粒子介导的分子靶向技术,有利于研发新的抵御各种生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的新型复合肥料。此外,生物硅肥采用先进生物发酵复合技术加工而成,可有效利用土壤中的含硅矿物,具有绿色环保的优点,因此,新型硅肥的研制尚需进一步加强。此外,新型肥料的应用需配套新的施用技术,要考虑施用时期和施用量等因素,并通过相应的田间试验,进行肥效对比,以更好地为农业生产服务。
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