摘要
为探究植物耐受铵离子毒性的机制,从植物内铵态氮的来源、产生铵离子毒性的原因以及耐受铵离子的生理及分子机制三方面综述近年来研究进展,指出铵离子吸收和同化引起的根际和质外体酸化是造成铵毒的一个主要原因,植物可通过自身的机制以及外源添加其他养分等缓解铵离子毒性,同时对未来研究耐受铵离子毒性机制的前景进行展望,以期为作物耐受铵离子毒性和高效利用氮素的分子设计育种提供理论指导。
氮素是植物需求量最大的矿质元素,也是植物生长发育的主要限制因子之一,对提高作物产量起着至关重要的作用。为满足日益增长的粮食需求,农业生产过程中往往施用大量氮肥来提高作物产
植物对氮素的利用包括吸收、转运、同化和再利用等过程。植物吸收和利用的氮素分为有机氮和无机氮,其中无机氮是主要吸收形式,包括硝态氮和铵态

图1 植物体内氮素同化途径示意图
Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of nitrogen assimilation pathways in plants
NR:硝酸还原酶 Nitrate reductase; NiR:亚硝酸还原酶 Nitrite reductase; GS:谷氨酰胺合成酶 Glutamine synthetase; GOGAT:谷氨酸合成酶 Glutamate synthase; GLN:谷氨酰胺 Glutamine; GLU:谷氨酸 Glutamic acid.
植物根系从土壤中吸收的铵态氮来源主要包括微生物固氮生产的铵(如根瘤菌固氮)、土壤有机氮矿化产生的铵和农田施用铵态氮肥
1)植物通过硝态氮还原产生铵态氮。依据植物种类不同,吸收的硝态氮可在根中或者地上部分进行同
2)植物通过光合呼吸产生铵态氮。光合呼吸是植物细胞内代谢产生铵态氮的重要来源。据统计,C3植物光合呼吸产生的铵态氮至少是硝态氮还原产生铵态氮的10
3)植物木质素合成过程中产生铵态氮。除光合呼吸外,木质素合成途径也是生成铵态氮的重要来源之一。在木质素合成途径中的第一步,苯丙氨酸会在苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)作用下脱氨基形成肉桂酸,同时释放游离的铵离
4)植物衰老过程中氮素活化以及再利用产生铵态氮。植物进入生殖生长时期,根系活力减弱,从土壤中直接吸收的氮素有限。此时,氮素从衰老组织的再转运成为氮素的主要来源。氮素的再转运需要先将衰老组织内的蛋白质进行降解,此过程会释放出大量氮素包括铵态氮,这些生成的铵态氮需要受到严格调控以避免对细胞造成毒
虽然铵态氮是植物生长所需的主要无机氮源之一,但是当其过量存在时会严重影响植物的正常生长发育。植物在高铵胁迫下,会表现出生长受阻,根冠比降低,主根变短而侧根增加,地上部叶片失绿和枯萎等症
除根系生长受到铵离子胁迫外,高铵条件下植物地上部也会表现出失绿枯黄等生长胁迫现象。通常情况下植物吸收的铵离子会在根系中同化,而当外界铵离子浓度较高时,会有少部分从根系转运至地上
除铵离子吸收和同化过程中造成的酸化外,也有学者指出高铵条件下,植物为维持细胞内铵离子稳态,会将过多铵离子泵出至细胞外,形成无效的运输循环且消耗大量能量,该过程不利于植物生长,是造成植物铵毒的主要原
近年来,学者们通过筛选铵毒敏感或耐受的突变体以及全基因组关联分析等研究,克隆了植物中多个参与铵毒耐受性的关键基因,在分子机制层面上对铵毒机制进行了深入研究。植物可通过一些自身的机制来维持对铵离子的耐受性(

图2 植物耐受铵离子的分子机制示意图
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the molecular mechanisms of ammonium tolerance for plants
综合各种理论,Marino
蛋白质的糖基化是蛋白质翻译后一种常见的修饰,对于蛋白质的正确折叠、转运和相互作用等十分重要,研究指出蛋白质糖基化缺陷可能是植物受到铵离子胁迫的重要下游反
水稻作为喜铵作物,其耐受铵离子的分子机制也得到了学者们的关注。通过研究水稻根系质子泵,研究者发现在低pH条件下水稻根系多个编码
除植物自身的调节机制外,通过外源措施也能缓解植物铵离子毒性,其中,调节植物生长环境的pH能够有效缓解植物的铵离子毒性,例如硝态氮的吸收伴随氢离子同向内流,且硝态氮还原的过程中可以消耗细胞质内的氢离子,因此,硝态氮的添加能够有效缓解铵态氮带来的酸
在全球气候变暖的环境背景下,二氧化碳的升高会使硝态氮的还原效率降低,因而未来铵态氮在农业中的作用越来越重
铵态氮在细胞内以及各个组织器官间的分配是维持铵态氮稳态的重要机制,与铵离子耐受机制相比,学术界对于维持植物内部铵离子稳态的转运平衡机制认识还不清楚。植物将吸收的离子积累在液泡中,通过区域化分配可减少干扰细胞质中的生化代谢过
铵态氮同化为谷氨酰胺的过程是消耗铵态氮的重要过程,但同时也是产生氢离子的重要途
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