摘要
为探究土壤反硝化潜势与施肥之间的关系,对长期定位试验地采用4种不同施肥处理:不施肥(CK)、施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)、施用有机肥(OM)、施用氮磷钾肥加有机肥(NPKOM),采用田间取样与实验室分析相结合的方法,测定了4种施肥处理下土壤的反硝化潜势,并结合土壤基本理化性质,比较分析不同施肥处理下土壤反硝化潜势的差异及其与环境因子之间的内在关系。结果显示:施用有机肥的土壤反硝化潜势最高,施用氮磷钾肥的土壤反硝化潜势最低。影响土壤反硝化潜势的主要因素有pH、有机质、全磷和速效磷。施用有机肥在提高土壤pH值的同时会提高土壤反硝化潜势,增加土壤N2O的排放。氮磷钾肥会降低土壤的pH值导致土壤反硝化潜势降低。氮磷钾肥加有机肥混合施用提高土壤pH值的同时可以降低单施有机肥土壤反硝化潜势,并降低土壤N2O的排放。
氮是植物生长发育必需的元素之一,同时也是重要的农业产量限制因子。因此,在农业生产过程中,氮肥的合理使用可以有效提高农作物的产量并且对农业可持续发展产生重要影响。在氮素循环过程中,硝化作用会将土壤内铵态氮转换为易淋失的硝态氮,从而促进土壤反硝化作用过程,加剧土壤中氮素的挥发损
我国农业生产活动中,有机肥和无机肥的搭配施用一直以来被认为是提高作物产量与增加土壤有机质的最佳选择。丁洪
国内外学者对于土壤反硝化作用已经开展了许多研究,其中大部分以土壤类型、土壤管理方式以及作物为主,并且发现土壤理化性质与土壤反硝化之间的关联,比如土壤的pH值、土壤含水量、土壤温度和土壤有机质含量等都会影响土壤反硝化潜势和N2O的排
目前,关于施肥处理对土壤反硝化作用的影响研
样品采集于江西省红壤研究所的红壤旱地施肥长期定位试验基地,该地位于江西省中部,亚热带季风气候,春夏降水较多,夏秋季较为炎热,地势起伏平缓,全年平均温度为16~23 ℃,无霜期平均为282 d,日照时数1 900~2 000 h,降雨量为1 500 mm左右,降水丰富但季节分配不均,4-7月、7-10月内降水分别占全年降水的37.8%和14.4%。土壤以红壤为主,土壤肥力水平中等,土壤全氮含量为0.11%,全磷含量0.12%,全钾含量1.35%,有机质15.95 g/kg,碱解氮90.64 mg/kg,有效磷67.34 mg/kg,速效钾146.72 mg/kg,可溶性有机碳0.29 g/kg,硝态氮9.24 mg/kg,铵态氮6.65 mg/kg,pH值5.5左右。
试验中采用4种施肥处理:不施肥处理(CK)、施氮磷钾肥处理(NPK)、施有机肥处理(OM)、施氮磷钾肥加有机肥处理(NPKOM),施肥情况详见
处理 | 肥料及用量 Fertilizer and application amount |
---|---|
CK | 不施肥 None |
NPK |
氮肥Nitrogenous fertilizer:尿素Urea 60 磷肥Phosphate fertilizer:钙镁磷肥 Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilize(P2O)5 30 钾肥Potash fertilizer:KCl (K2O) 60 |
OM | 有机肥Organic fertilizer:猪粪Pig manure 15 000 |
NPKOM |
氮肥Nitrogenous fertilizer:尿素Urea 60 磷肥:钙镁磷肥Phosphate fertilizer:Calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer(P2O5) 30 钾肥Potash fertilizer:KCl (K2O) 60 有机肥:猪粪Pig manure 15 000 |
土壤反硝化潜势的测定参照Pell
采用硫酸消化后的自动流动注射法测定全氮。采用氢氧化钠湿消化法和火焰光度法分别测定全磷和全钾。土壤有机碳用重铬酸钾氧化法测定。碱性水解氮用碱扩散法测定。速效磷在用0.5 mol/L碳酸氢钠提取后测定,速效钾用原子吸收光谱法(AAS)测定。土壤pH值采用电位法测定。通过在浓硫酸介质中用重铬酸钾氧化来测定土壤有机物含量。NH
如

Fig.1 Effect of different fertilization treatments on denitrification potential of dryland red soil
CK:不施肥No fertilization;NPK:施氮磷钾肥Application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer;OM:施有机肥 Application of organic fertilizer;NPKOM:施氮磷钾肥加有机肥Application of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and organic fertilizer.下同 The same as follows.
;图1不同施肥处理对旱地红壤反硝化潜势影响
由

图2 不同施肥处理的土壤N2O排放量动态变化图
Fig.2 Soil N2O emission dynamics of different fertilization treatments
不同的施肥模式对土壤的反硝化潜势的影响有一定差异,为明确施肥方式对于土壤反硝化潜势的影响,对不同施肥方式下的土壤反硝化潜势与土壤理化性状进行Pearson相关性分析(
pH | 全磷 TP | 全钾 TK | 全氮 TN | 有机质 SOM | 碱解氮 AN | 速效钾 AK | 速效磷 AP | 土壤有机碳 SOC | 铵态氮 NH | 硝态氮 NO | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson相关性Pearson correlation | 0.978 | 0.983 | 0.042 | 0.351 | 0.995 | 0.948 | 0.289 | 0.991 | -0.299 | -0.033 | -0.196 |
P | 0.022* | 0.017* | 0.958 | 0.649 | 0.005** | 0.052 | 0.711 | 0.009** | 0.701 | 0.967 | 0.804 |
个案数 Cases No. | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
注Note:TP:Total P; TK:Total K; TN:Total N; SOM:Soil orgnic mattter; AN:Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen; AK:Available potassium; AP:Available phosphorus; SOC:Soil organic carbon.*:P<0.05; **:P<0.1。
土壤是N2O产生的主要来源之
土壤水分含量、土壤类型和土壤有机碳等均对土壤反硝化作用具有重要影响,而土壤pH被认为是影响土壤反硝化潜势最为关键的影响因
前人研究发现,有机肥处理(OM)与施氮磷钾肥加有机肥处理(NPKOM)会影响土壤pH值,同时N2O排放量有显著差
除了土壤pH值以外,土壤有机质(SOM)对土壤反硝化潜势也有显著影响。研究发现在短时间内施加外源有机质对于土壤反硝化有促进作用,同时会增加土壤N2O的排放率和累积
土壤有机残留物的沉积在短期内增加N2O的排放速率之后,可能是由于残留物中最不稳定的部分被分解后,排放量会回归较低
本研究结果表明,不同施肥处理对于旱地红壤反硝化潜势影响有显著差异,4种不同处理的表现为施加有机肥处理的土壤反硝化潜势最高,其次是施用氮磷钾加有机肥处理的土壤,而单施用氮磷钾肥处理的土壤反硝化潜势最低。本试验测定的土壤性状中,土壤的pH值、SOM、TP和AP可能是导致不同处理下土壤反硝化潜势差异的主要因素。因此,为保持土壤肥力同时减少N2O温室气体排放,应考虑有机肥和氮磷钾肥混合施用,并充分考虑土壤特征,因地制宜采取相应措施。
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