摘要
微生物在茶产业中一直有应用,对茶产业的发展有着积极作用。为更好地推动微生物在茶产业中的发展,本文综述了茶树根际微生物、病原微生物、内生菌、益肥微生物以及抗逆微生物对茶园土壤、茶树生长以及茶树病害的影响,总结了黑茶及其他茶类加工过程中的微生物群落结构及动态变化以及茶叶卫生微生物的研究进展。提出需建立茶叶微生物方向,加大茶叶微生物基础研究与应用研究,推动茶叶微生物与茶科学相互融合,促进茶资源的利用与增值,从而更好地推动我国茶产业健康发展。
茶是世界上最受欢迎和消费最广泛的饮料之一,而微生物与茶联系紧密,最为典型的有微生物发酵的黑
微生物生态是表征土壤质量的重要指标之
因环境条件变化和病菌的抗药性等问题,茶树病害对茶叶生产的影响日益突出。根据病害对茶树危害部位的不同,将病害分为叶病、茎病、根病等,其中叶病是茶树中主要的病害类型。较常见的病害中,危害叶片的有茶饼病、茶炭疽病、茶轮斑病、茶云纹叶枯病、茶白星病
植物内生菌(endophytes)包括内生真菌、内生细菌和内生放线菌,许多学者对茶树内生菌的分离方
近年来,随着绿色、生态、安全的理念逐步成为发展主流,绿色有机茶园不断建立,多种适宜绿色有机茶园应用的微生物肥料也相继出现。根瘤菌、固氮菌、解磷菌、解钾菌以及各种功能性的有益微生物作为生物肥料施用于绿色有机茶园,在保证茶园绿色生态的基础上达到提升品质和增加产量的效
在茶园抗逆微生物的研究中,章顺成
黑茶因多种健康功效而越来越受到关
1)普洱茶(熟茶)。普洱茶(熟茶)是黑茶中微生物群落结构和动态变化方面研究最多的。研究者通过PCR-DGG
在普洱茶(熟茶)渥堆发酵过程中,细菌和真菌协同作用形成普洱茶(熟茶)独特的品质特征及健康功效,但研究者对发酵过程中的微生物结构或起主导作用的微生物群体尚未达成共识。Zhao
已有的研究表明普洱茶(熟茶)发酵过程中微生物组成、结构和多样性的变化显著,不同研究中报道的微生物群落结构及变化的不同可能与原料来源、生产环境和发酵工艺等因素相关。但现有研究中曲霉属均被认为是普洱茶(熟茶)中重要的优势真菌,此外,真菌均在发酵中集中呈现,多样性在原料中最高,发酵过程中多样性明显降低;相对于真菌,细菌的多样性较高,发酵前后细菌的多样性和丰富度均显著增加。
2)茯砖茶。茯砖茶微生物发酵可以划分为用于生产黑毛茶的堆垛发酵和“发花”工序2个阶段。通过PCR-DGG
茯砖茶中的黑毛茶堆垛发酵过程中,优势真菌包括塞伯林德纳氏酵母属、Uwebraunia、曲霉属和unclassified Pleosporales。在这些优势真菌中,塞伯林德纳氏酵母属最为丰富,它的相对丰度从最初的32.63%显著增长至发酵后期的95.52%。而Uwebraunia真菌属从最初的16.37%显著降低至发酵后期的1.64%。曲霉属和unclassified_Pleosporales在发酵前期显著降低,分别从11.57%降低至0.33%和从29.35%降低至5.18%;且之后保持相对稳定至发酵结束。克雷伯氏菌属是发酵过程中唯一的优势细菌,其相对丰度从最初的81.99%逐渐上升至发酵后期的99.06%。乳杆菌属是次优势细菌,其相对丰度从最初的6.88%显著降低至后期的0.41
3)其他类黑茶。与普洱茶(熟茶)和茯砖茶相比,关于其他类黑茶如六堡茶、青砖茶等的发酵微生物群落组成和动态变化方面的研究较少。Wang
除黑茶加工外,还发现微生物对红茶、白茶等茶类的品质形成具有一定的影响。在红茶加工过程中,霉菌、酵母菌等具有生成α-淀粉酶、纤维素酶等酶类、促进氨基酸转化、提高可溶性糖含量以及促进花香甜味的形成等作用,能够增进茶汤香气和滋味。红茶加工中部分纤维素降解菌能够将芽叶中的纤维素降解为纤维二糖,再进一步转化为葡萄糖,最终减轻茶叶的粗老味而增加甜醇鲜爽
在鲜叶采摘、加工、包装和贮运全过程中,微生物都有可能对茶叶造成污染,甚至可能在适宜环境条件下生长并产生毒素,危害人类健
此外,有研究表明茶叶中的微生物对农药残留有一定的降解作用。洪永聪
当前很多传统学科在与其他学科相互交叉融合的过程中,得到了快速发展与提升。在茶学学科中,也不断有新技术如光电技术、计算机技术等的融合应用,同样明显促进了茶学学科的发展。尽管微生物早已深嵌入茶树种植管理、茶叶加工、茶叶卫生质量、茶产品开发等方面,但一直发展不足,导致推动茶学学科发展的作用不明显,其原因在于未能提升到一个学科层面来发展。华中农业大学园艺林学学院茶学系率先在茶学本科专业开设了《茶叶微生物产品学》专业选修课程,面向茶学硕士研究生开设了《茶叶微生物专题》专业选修课程(也有其他高校开设有类似课程);还主编出版了“十三五”规划教材《茶叶微生物产品学》,正在编写农业农村部“十三五”规划教材《茶叶微生物学》,努力将茶叶微生物作为一门学科来建设发展。尽管如此,还需要国内同仁共同对茶叶微生物的学科体系进行梳理,逐步建立茶叶微生物方向,并面向茶学本科生和研究生开设相关课程,积极培养具备茶叶微生物知识的综合性茶学专业人才,促使微生物推动茶学学科更快更好地发展。
当前对茶叶微生物的基础研究明显不足,导致茶叶微生物相关理论基础不完备,应从以下几个方面加强研究:一是加强茶叶微生物区系研究。对茶园微生物、茶叶加工微生物、茶叶产品质量微生物等方面的微生物区系进行全面研究分析,利用宏基因组学等手段了解不同微生物种群的种类与数量,确定微生物的动态变化规律,明确优势菌的种类与互作关系,确定微生物生长变化与茶树生长、茶产品品质形成、茶叶质量等方面的关
发展茶叶微生物除了加强基础研究,必须加强茶叶微生物的应用研究。一是加强助推传统微生物茶产品生产技术水平提升的应用研究。通过筛选优良菌株、制作菌剂等方式,标准化开发茶树生防菌剂、茶树益生菌剂、黑茶发酵菌剂、茶园含菌有机肥等产品,使传统微生物茶产品的生产逐步实现标准化与现代化,尤其是促使黑茶加工实现全程清洁化、可控、安全、发酵生
当前我国茶资源呈现快速增长的趋势,每年有大量茶资源未及时采摘利用,还有大量的茶产品加工副产物未得到有效利用。传统开发方法对进一步促进大规模开发利用茶资源的作用有限,而微生物技术却可弥补当前新技术手段的不足。微生物的种类丰富,可以产酶、产香,还可以分泌各种活性成分。可以利用微生物发酵茶渣、修剪废弃物、茶果、茶花等制作饲料、生物肥等;可以利用微生物发酵制备表面活性剂、杀虫剂、填充剂等;还可以利用微生物发酵茶资源生产酶制剂、蛋白质、生物材料
总之,茶叶微生物发展空间巨大,未来必定会有力促进茶学学科快速发展。
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