摘要
为探究稻虾共生机制,运用地笼捕获法研究了小龙虾分别在高频分布采样区(GP)、低频分布采样区(DP)和无虾对照区(CK)的田间分布特征,结合稻田土壤性状、病虫草害调查和稻谷产量性状分析,研究稻虾共作模式的生态效应。结果显示:小龙虾稻田分布数量与田面水深呈显著正相关关系,一元线性回归方程为y=197.69x-25.77;小龙虾高频分布可以改善土壤结构,显著降低0~10 cm土壤容重6.25%~11.76%,显著增加0~10 cm土层总毛管孔隙度8.08%~10.78%(P<0.05);小龙虾高频分布显著增加0~10 cm土壤有机质含量6.24%~10.30%,显著增加0~20 cm土层的土壤微生物生物量碳(P<0.05),并能显著抑制杂草生长;小龙虾不同分布频度对病虫害和水稻产量及其构成因子无显著影响,但水稻产量随着分布频度的加大具有增加的趋势。因此,生产和科研上可适当区分小龙虾不同分布频度(水深)进行管理和研究,促进稻虾生态种养绿色可持续发展。
稻虾共作模式被誉为“现代农业发展的成功典范
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试验于2021年在湖北省潜江市后湖管理区长江大学稻虾研究基地(30°37′N,112°73′E)进行,该区位于江汉平原腹地,属北亚热带季风性湿润气候,无霜期250 d,年均气温16.1 ℃,年均降雨量1 100 mm,土壤为潮土性水稻土,土壤基本理化性质为:碱解氮82.7 mg/kg,有效磷3.45 mg/kg,速效钾118.81 mg/kg,有机质32.6 g/kg,pH 7.3。
稻虾共作模式分为2个阶段。第一阶段为田面覆水养虾阶段,2020年10月下旬晒田杀菌,11月6日田面覆水,初始水位15 cm,随气温降低逐步增加水位至50 cm,12月5日按照4.5 m× 8 m的密度在田面栽培伊乐藻,12月10日投放150 kg/h
稻虾共作期间,小龙虾田间分布特征采用地笼捕获法调查,地笼规格为11号(3.80 m×0.26 m× 0.20 m),按照5 × 5的阵列在稻田厢沟中布设地笼,布设时间为18:00时,收虾时间为07:00时,统计每个地笼小龙虾捕获数量,分别于8月24日、27日、30日以及9月2日捕虾4次。铺设地笼时,用钢尺沿地笼底部量取水深4处,取平均值作为地笼所处水深;地笼捕获作业间隙,按照5 × 15的阵列,全面均匀调查田面水深,以分析田面地形。
采用希玛AS803型Digital Lux Meter照度计测量不同水深的光照度,量程为1~20万lx,分辨率为1 lx;采用上海悦丰SGZ-200BS型便携式浊度仪测量不同区域浊度,量程为0~200 NTU,分辨率为0.01 NTU;采用台湾衡欣AZ86031型便携式水质检测仪测量不同区域的水温、pH、溶解氧(DO)等指标,pH值量程为2.0~12.0,分辨率为0.1;DO量程为0~20.0 mg/L,分辨率为0.1 mg/L。
8月5日投苗前,用宽1.2 m的矩形单面渔网在田面西北方向围成8 m × 8 m无虾采样区(CK),渔网深入土层15 cm,阻隔小龙虾进入;根据本文“1.3”小龙虾田间分布情况,在田面深水区域设置6 m × 10 m小龙虾高频分布采样区(GP),在浅水区域设置8 m × 8 m小龙虾低频分布采样区(DP)。
在本文“1.5”设置的3个采样区内,分别以S型五点取样法,取0~10和10~20 cm 2个土层土样,同层混合均匀,带回实验室。其中一部分除杂后放入4 ℃冰箱,用以测定鲜土指标,另一部分掰碎风干,分别过孔径0.850 mm和0.149 mm筛,用以测定干土指标。土壤有机质和可溶性有机碳采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定,土壤微生物生物量碳采用氯仿熏蒸-K2SO4浸提法测定,硝态氮采用酚二磺酸比色法测定,铵态氮采用靛酚蓝比色法测定,土壤容重和毛管孔隙度采用环刀法测定。
在各采样区内按照S型定位5个调查点。水稻成熟期,在每个调查点连续调查10穴水稻,调查整白穗率和部分白穗率,以此评判螟虫危害程度,同时调查稻曲病病穗
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
R=S | (4) |
(5) |
(6) |
(7) |
水稻机收前,在各采样区分别割取3个1 m × 1 m样方、长势均匀的水稻,带回实验室自然风干,脱粒测实产;根据大田平均穗数取6穴水稻,带回实验室自然风干,测算有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和结实率等指标。
将地笼捕获的100笼小龙虾数量与捕获水深进行线性相关分析和回归分析,结果显示小龙虾捕获量与田面水深存在极显著正相关关系,皮尔逊相关系数为0.894;一元线性回归方程为y=197.69x-25.77,

图1 地笼捕获量与田面水深之间关系
Fig.1 Relationship between cage catch and field water depth
随着田面水深加大,水体光照强度、温度、pH和溶解氧均呈下降趋势(

图2 不同田面水深条件下水体光照强度(A)、温度(B)、pH(C)及溶解氧(D)变化
Fig.2 Changes of light intensity(A),temperature(B),pH(C)and dissolved oxygen(D) of groundwater under different field water depth
不同小写字母表示处理间差异极显著(P<0.05)。下同。Note:Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at 0.05 level.The same as follows.
根据田面水深(地形)设置了小龙虾高频分布采样区GP、低频分布采样区DP以及无虾对照区CK,共3个矩形区域。根据

图3 田间地形与采样区设置
Fig.3 Field topography and sampling area setting
GP:小龙虾高频分布采样区;DP:小龙虾低频分布采样区;CK:无虾对照区;下同。 GP:Sampling area of high frequency distribution of crayfish; DP:Sampling area of low frequency distribution of crayfish; CK:Control area of non-crayfish.The same as follows.
由
由
由
由
克氏原螯虾喜好底栖爬行,偏好深水区域,具有喜阴怕光、昼伏夜出的生活习
稻虾共作可以提升稻田土壤肥
小龙虾是杂食性动
多数研究认为稻虾共作模式下水稻产量高于常规单作稻
综上可知,稻虾共作模式中,小龙虾并非在田面均匀分布,而是随水深加深而分布频度加大,小龙虾的高频分布,利于控制稻田杂草、改善土壤结构并部分提高土壤肥力,具有增产潜力,因而可以起到“减肥减药”和增产的生态效果。因此,生产上可以适当在田面深水区域多进行投喂与捕捞,既可避免人力资源浪费,又可避免饲料投喂不均衡导致的环境负担与小龙虾竞争内耗;科研上可以适当区分小龙虾高、低频分布区域进行稻虾共作模式研究分析,进一步解析稻虾共生机制,推进稻虾生态种养绿色可持续发展。
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