摘要
为了优化鄂东地区稻田耕作制度,挖掘作物周年生产潜力,提高作物生产效益和资源利用效率,通过连续4 a的定位试验,比较了油菜-玉米 (oilseed rape-maize,O-M)、油菜-水稻 (oilseed rape-rice,O-R)、油菜-节水抗旱稻 (oilseed rape-water-saving and drought-resistant rice,O-WDR)、小麦-玉米 (wheat-maize,W-M)、小麦-水稻 (wheat-rice,W-R)、冬闲-双季稻 (fallow- double season rice,F-DR)6种二熟制种植模式的周年生产力、生产效益、温光资源和氮磷利用以及土壤氮磷含量变化的差异。结果显示:周年经济产量以W-R模式最高,其次为O-R模式,而平均周年生产效益以O-R模式最高;氮利用率以O-R和W-R模式在鄂最高,磷利用率以O-R模式最高,温光资源利用效率则以F-DR模式最高。经过4轮复种后,O-R模式在鄂东地区具较高的丰产性和稳产性及良好的生产效益,并有利于维持农田土壤肥力和降低氮流失风险,具有替代传统双季稻模式的应用前景。
复种是我国传统耕作制度,不仅可提高农田周年生产力和经济效益,还有利于改善土壤质
适宜的复种模式既取决于当地气候资源状况,也受到社会经济发展的影
试验于2017年10月-2021年10月在湖北省黄冈市团风县梅家墩村 (30°33′56.85″N,114°54′57.52″E) 进行。试验点位于鄂东沿江平原,属于北亚热带季风气候区,年均气温16.8 ℃,年均降水量1 200 mm,年均无霜期258 d。试验地土壤为长江冲积潮土,0~20 cm耕层土壤含有机质11.10 g/kg、全氮0.47 g/kg、全磷0.66 g/kg、全钾11.16 g/kg、碱解氮67.4 mg/kg、速效磷15.35 mg/kg、速效钾63.65 mg/kg,pH 7.3。试验前长期种植水稻。
按单因素试验设计,以当地主要作物组建油菜-玉米 (oilseed rape-maize,O-M)、油菜-水稻 (oilseed rape-rice,O-R)、油菜-节水抗旱稻(oilseed rape-water-saving and drought-resistant rice,O-WDR)、小麦-玉米 (wheat-maize,W-M)、小麦-水稻 (wheat-rice,W-R)、冬闲-双季稻 (fallow- double season rice,F-DR)6种复种模式,3次重复,随机区组排列,小区面积4 m × 6 m。小区四周筑40 cm宽、20 cm高的隔离埂,小区间开40 cm宽、30 cm深的隔离沟。
各作物以当地主推品种为试验材料,双季早稻、节水抗旱稻和中稻均为籼稻品种,双季晚稻为粳稻品种。按照当地习惯方法进行作物种植、施肥和管理。4 a各季作物的播种、移栽和收获时间见
同季作物施肥量(
1)作物生产力。在各季作物收获时先淘汰小区边行边株,收获其余部分测定经济产量和生物学产量。
2)作物氮磷吸收量。各季作物收获前1 d在每小区选取典型植株10株,将地上部洗净后烘干、磨成粉末,用浓H2SO4消化后采用流动分析
3)土壤肥力。于每轮试验夏季作物收获后,按照“5点采样法”采集各小区0~20 cm耕层土样,去除0~2 cm表层土及杂物,置于阴凉通风处自然风干,研磨,过孔径1 mm筛,采用浓H2SO4消化-流动分析仪法测定土壤总氮和总磷含
1)经济产量。由
注: 同列不同小写字母表示α = 0.05水平上的差异显著性。下同。Note:Different small letters mean significant difference for data in the same column at α=0.05 level.The same as follows.
2)经济效益。成本-收益核算结果表明,周年生产成本和毛收入均以O-R模式最高,W-M模式最低;年均净收入以O-R模式最高,F-DR模式最低,O-R较F-DR高196%;最高年净收入以O-M模式最高,其次为O-R模式,W-R模式最低(
注: 周年成本包括种子、化肥、农药、人工和机械等投入成本,毛收入按作物经济产量和当年国家最低收购价格或当地平均收购价格计算,净收入为毛收入与周年成本差值。2018-2021年各类作物售价:油菜分别为4.76、4.72、4.72和4.72 元/kg;小麦分别为2.36、2.30、2.30和2.34元/kg;玉米分别为1.94、2.04、2.30和2.64元/kg;早籼稻分别为2.40、2.40、2.42和2.44元/kg;节水抗旱稻和中籼稻分别为2.52、2.52、2.54和2.56元/kg;晚粳稻分别为2.60、2.60、2.60和2.60元/kg。Note:Annual cost included the investments of seed,fertilizer,chemicals,labor and machines.Gross income was calculated from the economic yield and the state protected price or local average elling price of crops in the year.Net income was the difference between gross income and annual cost.Annual selling price was 4.76,4.72,4.72 and 4.72 yuan/kg for rapeseed; 2.36,2.30,2.30 and 2.34 yuan/kg for wheat; 1.94,2.04,2.30 and 2.64 yuan/kg for maize; 2.40,2.40,2.42 and 2.44 yuan/kg for early season indica rice; 2.52,2.52,2.54 and 2.56 yuan/kg for WDR and middle season indica rice; 2.60,2.60,2.60 and 2.60 yuan/kg for late season japonica rice,respectively,in 2018-2021.
不同复种模式的温光资源利用效率存在显著差异(
1)氮磷吸收量。

图1 不同复种模式平均周年地上部氮磷吸收量
Fig.1 Annual aboveground nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) uptakes on average in various multiple cropping patterns
2)氮磷偏因子养分平衡。O-R和W-R模式具有较高的周年氮偏因子养分平衡,O-M和O-R模式具有较高的周年磷偏因子养分平衡,与其他模式差异显著(P<0.05);F-DR模式的周年氮、磷偏因子养分平衡均显著(P<0.05)低于其他模式(

图2 不同复种模式的平均周年氮、磷偏因子养分平衡
Fig.2 Annual nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) partial factor nutrient balances on average in various multiple cropping patterns
1)养分总量。后季作物收获后土样测定结果显示,不同复种模式的耕层土壤总氮和总磷含量随着种植年限呈基本升高的趋势(

图3 不同复种模式土壤总氮含量变化
Fig.3 Changes in total nitrogen content in the soil of various multiple cropping patterns

图4 不同复种模式土壤总磷含量变化
Fig.4 Changes in total phosphorus content in the soils of various multiple cropping patterns
土壤总磷含量在4轮试验中均以O-M最高,其次为W-M模式,二者差异不显著;在多数年份W-R模式的土壤总磷含量最低,其次为F-DR模式,而O-R模式的土壤总磷含量处于中等水平(
2)养分平衡。经过4轮试验后各模式的土壤氮磷含量均有不同程度的盈余(
注: 总投入包括肥料、种子和秧苗输入的养分,总携出仅包括收获作物地上部输出的养分。Note:Total input included the nutrient inputs by fertilizer,seeds and seedlings; the total output included the nutrient output from the harvested abovegrounds of crops only.
本研究结果显示,在6种复种模式中O-R和W-R模式具有较高的产量和良好的稳产性,而在4轮试验中O-M的周年经济产量均显著低于O-R,W-M的周年经济产量显著低于W-R,表明玉米是影响O-M和W-M模式生产力的主要因素。在本试验过程中,由于2018年当地出现夏季高温干旱天气,2019和2020年夏季发生严重洪涝灾害,而玉米苗期对渍水敏感、开花结实期不耐高
农田养分投入和输出显著影响土壤肥力的平
前人研究表明,作物系统的养分损失量与作物的养分吸收量存在较大关系,较小的养分吸收量将增加作物系统的养分流失风
鄂东地区不同复种连作模式的周年生产力、生产效益及其对温光和养分资源的利用和土壤氮磷平衡均存在显著差异。其中,油菜-水稻复种模式具有较高的丰产性和稳产性,且经济效益最高,同时油菜在生育前期大量吸收固定土壤氮磷养分,而在生育后期又通过大量落叶归还土壤部分氮磷养分,从而有利于维持土壤肥力并可降低土壤氮流失风险,具有替代当地传统双季稻模式的应用前景。
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