摘要
为研究嗅闻不同浓度佛手柑精油对D-gal和AlCl3联合诱导的阿尔兹海默症模型小鼠的神经保护作用,选用健康的雄性昆明小鼠,通过腹腔注射D-gal(120 mg/kg)和AlCl3(10 mg/kg)持续49 d以建立阿尔兹海默症实验模型,第29 天起,嗅闻试验组小鼠嗅闻25%或75%佛手柑精油,每天1 h,持续21 d,嗅闻试验结束后评估小鼠行为和大脑生物化学的变化。行为学实验结果显示,嗅闻佛手柑精油显著改善了阿尔兹海默症模型小鼠的认知障碍和探索性下降等症状。生化实验结果显示,嗅闻75%佛手柑精油明显抑制了氧化应激的程度和乙酰胆碱酶活性的增加,促进了小鼠认知能的提高。结果表明,嗅闻75%佛手柑精油可以减轻D-gal和AlCl3引发的小鼠认知行为障碍和生化损伤。
阿尔兹海默症(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)被认为是一种不可逆的神经系统疾病,其特点是细胞外β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ)积累、突触破坏、细胞内神经元纤维缠结、大脑炎症和记忆丧
佛手柑精油(bergamot essential oil,BEO)是来自佛手柑鲜果的一种重要的植物衍生物,被广泛用于化妆品、医药和食品行
佛手柑精油,上海妙尔香料有限公司;D-gal和无水氯化铝(AlCl3),中国医药集团有限公司;盐酸多奈哌齐,卫材(中国)制药有限公司;丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(acetylcholinesterase,AchE)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX)试剂盒,上海优选生物科技有限公司。
35只SPF 级4周龄的雄性昆明小鼠(KM),动物合格证号为SCXK(鄂)2020-0019,实验动物和饲料购自华中农业大学实验动物中心。日光灯人工照明(照明时间:08:00-20:00),温度(22±2) ℃。小鼠自由饮水饮食。所有试验都得到了华中农业大学动物实验委员会的批准(伦理号为HZAUMO-2021-0047)。
1)动物建模与分组。采用蒸馏水制备25%和75%的BEO稀释液。制备24 g/L的D-gal溶液和2 g/L AlCl3的溶液。将上述D-gal和AlCl3溶液等体积混合得到12 g/L的D-gal和1 g/L的AlCl3的混合溶液。实验小鼠被随机分为5组(n=7)。对照组(Con):连续49 d接受生理盐水腹腔注射;模型组(Mod):连续49 d腹腔注射D-gal(120 mg/kg)和AlCl3(10 mg/kg);盐酸多奈哌齐组(Don):连续49 d腹腔注射D-gal(120 mg/kg)和AlCl3(10 mg/kg),第29天起每天口服盐酸多奈哌齐(2 mg/kg),持续21 d;25% BEO组和75% BEO组:连续49 d腹腔注射D-gal(120 mg/kg)和AlCl3(10 mg/kg),并且从第29天开始嗅闻25% BEO和75% BEO,每天1 h,持续21 d。随后,在第50天开始进行行为学实验。行为学实验结束后,从眼球中提取血液,并收集脑组织用于测试。
2)旷场实验。旷场实验(open field test,OFT)是用来确定小鼠在陌生环境中的行为活动及其对陌生环境的探索行为。OFT过程参考文献[
3)Y-迷宫。采用Y-迷宫装置来评估小鼠的自发交替行为。方法参考文献[
在行为学实验完成后,从小鼠眼睛中提取血液,4 ℃下以3 000 r/min离心2 min进行血清分离,用试剂盒测定血清中的SOD活性和MDA含量。同时在行为学实验结束后,立即从死亡小鼠身上收集大脑,在冰块上解剖得到前额叶皮层和海马结构,并用液氮速冻,样品保存在-80 ℃。用试剂盒测定大脑组织中的GPX和AchE活性。
收集小鼠大脑并在4%多聚甲醛中保存48 h,然后进行石蜡包埋处理。使用厚度为4 μm的切片机进行大脑的矢状切片,切片用苏木精和伊红(hematoxylin and eosin,H&E)染色后在显微镜下观察海马区神经细胞结构。
OFT的结果如

图1 嗅闻 BEO对 D⁃gal 和 AlCl3处理的小鼠在OFT 中的水平跨越格子数(A)和直立次数(B)的影响
Fig.1 Effects of the inhaled BEO on the number of squares across (A) and the number of uprights(B) of the D-gal and AlCl3 treated mice in the OFT
差异性用“*”(P<0.05)和“**”( P<0.01)表示,下同。Differences are indicated by “*” (P<0.05) and “**” (P<0.01). The same as below.
在Y-迷宫测试中,单因素方差分析显示各组之间存在着整体的显著差异。与对照组相比,模型组的自发交替百分比(

图2 嗅闻BEO对D-gal 和 AlCl3处理的小鼠在中自发交替百分比(A)和进入新臂的次数(B)的影响
Fig.2 Effects of the inhaled BEO on the percentage of alternation (A) and the number of entries into the new arm (B) of the D-gal and AlCl3 treated mice
与对照组相比,模型组MDA(

图3 嗅闻 BEO对D-gal和AlCl3处理的小鼠血清中MDA浓度(A)、SOD水平(B)、海马(C)和皮层(D)中GPX水平的影响
Fig.3 Effects of the inhaled BEO on the concentration of MDA (A),SOD (B),GPX levels in the hippocampus (C) and cortex (D) of D-gal and AlCl3-treated mice
模型组小鼠大脑海马和皮层中的AchE活性(

图4 嗅闻 BEO对 D-gal 和 AlCl3处理的小鼠的海马(A)和皮层(B)中的AchE水平的影响
Fig.4 Effects of the inhaled BEO (25% and 75%) on the AchE level in hippocampus(A) and cortex(B) in the D-gal and AlCl3 treated mice

图5 小鼠海马组织H&E染色结果(400×)
Fig.5 HE (400×) staining results of mice hippocampus in groups
上方代表海马,下方为海马局部。The top represents the hippocampus and the bottom is part.
本研究分别运用OFT和Y-迷宫测试了各组小鼠的精神状态和认知功能,发现嗅闻BEO精油21 d(每天1 h)后,小鼠的精神状态和认知功能显著改善,且高浓度精油处理显示出更好的效果。这与前人的研究结
众所周知,氧化应激是引发衰老和年龄相关疾病的一个重要因素,大量研究表明,氧化应激是AD的重要致病因素之
Ach是中枢胆碱能系统中一个非常重要的神经递质,主要作用是保持意识。AchE是水解Ach的主要酶,其活性大小可以表征胆碱能神经系统的功能。研究表明,金属可能干扰穿过神经元的神经递质流动,导致神经退行性病变、胆碱能传递改变和AchE活性增加,这与记忆缺陷和认知障碍有
H&E染色结果表明嗅闻BEO对D⁃gal和AlCl3诱导的AD小鼠脑组织具有保护作用,可明显减少小鼠海马神经元的损伤。刘源香
综上所述,BEO可以通过嗅闻的方式逆转D⁃gal和AlCl3造成的模型小鼠认知障碍,且高浓度(75%)佛手柑精油效果更为显著。BEO的活性作用可能是通过减少氧化应激和调节大脑中的AchE活性来调节的。现阶段的研究结果表明,BEO可提供神经保护,并可被视为AD的辅助治疗方法。
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