摘要
为探究纤维素降解菌在堆肥腐熟中的应用效果,试验将高温处理后的畜禽尸体与秸秆混匀后,分为不添加菌剂的对照组和添加1%的耐高温纤维菌(Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius)的菌剂组,采用好氧静态通风的方式堆肥28 d,测定堆肥过程中的理化参数(温度、pH、含水率、铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总碳和总氮)和氮素转化功能基因拷贝数的变化等氮素损失相关的指标。结果显示,菌剂组的铵态氮含量和亚硝态氮含量均显著高于对照组,但最终总氮含量菌剂组低于对照组。堆肥前期对照组的nirK拷贝数显著高于菌剂组,且与NH
高温处理可以减少动物尸体中存在的病原
1)菌株的来源。试验菌株为笔者所在实验室前期获得的热葡糖苷酶地芽孢杆菌(P. thermoglucosidasius BGSC 95A1
2)堆肥处理。将鸡和鸭的尸体(华中农业大学鸡场提供)在焚烧炉内进行高温处理后再开展堆肥试验。堆肥在规格为138 L的泡沫箱中进行,堆肥方式为好氧静态通风堆,均采用60 L/ (
1)温度、pH和含水率的测定。记录环境温度并用长柄电子温度计按照时间间隔,测定堆体中心不同区域的温度,取其平均值。堆肥样品的pH用精密pH计(PHS-3C,上海宇隆仪器有限公司)测定。在烘箱中105 ℃烘干样品至恒质量,通过前后质量的变化计算含水率。
2)铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮含量的测定。用2 mol/L氯化钾对堆肥样品进行前处理,过滤后用靛酚蓝分光光度法检测铵态氮含量。用标准曲线法和紫外分光光度计(721,上海第三分析仪器厂)测定吸光度,计算硝态氮浓度。用盐酸萘乙二胺分光光度法测定亚硝态氮浓度。
3)总氮和总碳含量的测定。将堆肥样品在烘箱中80 ℃烘干24 h后,过筛孔径为0.15 mm的标准筛,用分析天平称取约4.0~4.5 mg的样品。采用锡盒将样品包裹成圆球状,然后用同位素质谱分析仪(Isoprime100,德国元素分析系统公司)进行总碳和总氮含量的测定。
4)DNA的提取与荧光定量PCR检测。为了减少外源DNA和酸性物质所造成的污染,首先对堆肥样品进行适当的前处理。先加入脱腐缓冲液(100 mmol/L Tris,100 mmol/L Na4P2O7,100 mmol/L Na2EDTA,1.0% PVP,100 mmol/L NaCl,0.05% Triton X-100,pH=10.0),涡旋混匀并12 000 r/min离心,后续加入氯化钙溶液(0.5 mol/L)和草酸钠(0.05 mol/L)继续前处理。用改进的蛋白酶K-CTAB 法粗提取堆肥样品中的总DNA,然后检测总DNA的浓度和质量。基因的引物设计如
堆肥过程中环境温度在20 ℃以下,虽然堆肥环境温度较低,但堆体温度最高值均达到60 ℃以上。菌剂组在第8~10天达到最高值,均值为62.6 ℃。对照组在第10天温度达到最高,均值为49.0 ℃(

图1 堆肥过程中温度(A)、总氮(B)和总碳(C)的变化
Fig.1 Changes in temperature (A),total nitrogen (B) and total carbon (C) during composting
菌剂组的总氮的变化趋势为“升高→降低→升高→降低”,在第5天达到最高值5.8%。堆肥结束,总氮含量为4.5%。对照组总氮的变化趋势为先增高后降低,在第8天总氮含量达到最高值6.3%,最终总氮含量为5.5%(
由

图2 堆肥过程中铵态氮(A)、亚硝态氮(B)和硝态氮(C)的变化
Fig.2 Changes in ammonium (A),nitrite (B),nitrate (C) nitrogen during composting
*:与对照组的结果相比,菌剂组的结果差异显著(P < 0.05) Compared with the control group, the results of the treatment group are significantly different (P < 0.05).
由
由
与氮素相关功能基因拷贝数的变化可以反映堆肥过程中氮素转化作用的强弱,与硝化/反硝化作用相关的同一基因中拷贝数越高,表明硝化/反硝化作用越强。如

图3 堆肥过程中amoA(A)、narG(B)、nirK(C)、nirS(D)和nosZ(E)基因拷贝数的变化
Fig.3 Changes in amoA (A),narG (B),nirK (C),nirS (D) and nosZ (E) gene copy numbers during composting
*和**分别表示与对照组的结果相比,菌剂组的结果差异显著(P < 0.05)、差异极显著(P < 0.01)。* and ** indicate that compared with the control group, the results of the treatment group are significantly different (P < 0.05) and very significantly different (P < 0.01),respectively.
分别对菌剂组和对照组的高温处理尸体堆肥的理化性质和氮素相关功能基因之间的相关性进行RDA分析,结果见

图4 理化性质与氮素相关功能基因相关性分析
Fig.4 Correlation analysis between physical and chemical properties and nitrogen-related functional genes
A.菌剂组 Bacterial agent group; B.对照组 Control group.
对
在好氧堆肥中加入纤维素降解菌,能够促进纤维素的转化,缩短堆肥进程,提高堆肥效
通过参与硝化作用的amoA基因,以及参与反硝化作用的narG、nirK、nirS和nosZ基因拷贝数的变化可以评价堆肥过程中氮素转化作用的强
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