摘要
生猪养殖是环境中抗生素耐药基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)的重要来源之一,而养猪废水的排放是ARGs进入环境的主要渠道。目前,养猪废水中ARGs排放所导致的环境效应尚不明晰,同时,不同养猪废水处理工艺对于ARGs去除的相关研究尚处于起始阶段,需要进行更加深入、细致的研究,以及探索减少养猪废水中ARGs丰度的养殖废水处理方法。本文综述了养猪场内ARGs从产生到进入环境的过程以及当前ARGs污染情况和研究现状,从不同的污水处理法(厌氧生物处理法、好氧生物处理法、物理化学法、人工湿地法)出发,重点介绍养猪场污水处理工艺中ARGs的分布和去除效果,认为物理化学法是消减养猪废水中ARGs污染问题最具前景的处理方式。最后,基于目前养猪废水处理工艺在去除ARGs存在的不足,提出了优化处理工艺措施并强化各工艺间ARGs监测的可行性建议。
主持人语: 我国畜牧业每年生产1.5亿多t肉蛋奶,在保障肉食品供给、提高人民生活质量做出巨大贡献的同时,也产生约38亿t畜禽养殖废弃物,若处理不当,将造成较大的环境污染。在习总书记“宁要绿水青山,不要金山银山;绿水青山就是金山银山”的绿色发展理念指引下,国家出台了一系列治理畜牧业养殖污染的政策法规并投入大量资金,经过近几年的攻坚克难,农业面源污染得到了有效治理,生态环境明显好转,但全面实现养殖废弃物的资源化和高值化利用还有很长的路要走。主要表现在生物转化技术还不成熟、处理成本居高不下、产品利用率不高、产品多元化有待提升等问题。因此,开展畜禽养殖废弃物高效生物转化调控机制研究和废弃物高值资源化利用新产品研发是当务之急,本刊特组织“畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用”专题,刊发综述和研究论文共15篇,内容涉及畜禽养殖废弃物肥料化、饲料化、能源化,臭气净化,以及碳氮减排等资源化利用和无害化处理技术与应用,以期抛砖引玉,引发更多讨论和重视。
为预防动物疾病和保证动物产品稳产高产,畜禽养殖业广泛使用抗生素。然而,抗生素的使用会使细菌产生耐药基因,养殖废弃物是导致环境中抗生素及耐药基因污染的重要来源之一。到2050年,预计全世界每年将有1 000万人因抗生素耐药性而死亡,卫生部门经济负担将高达100万亿美
生猪肠道中微生物受到抗生素压力胁迫发生基因突变而产生的ARGs,可通过水平基因转移和垂直基因转移2种方式促使细菌耐药性发生转移,导致ARGs类环境问题不断产

图1 抗生素在养猪场内传播路径
Fig.1 Transmission routes of antibiotics in swine farms
在生猪养殖过程中,抗生素的长期使用,导致ARGs的出现和耐药菌的增加。生猪肠道微生物群作为ARGs的潜在储存库已逐渐引起人们关
国内很多学者在生猪肠道中检测出ARG
养猪场废水的排放导致环境中ARGs丰度和多样性增加,进而影响地表水和土壤中微生物生
养猪废水中的ARGs,除了环境中已经携带ARGs的微生物,其余均来源于养猪场内生猪体内的微生物。生猪养殖环境中残留抗生素又会造成选择性压力,诱导微生物发生突变,使不含ARGs的微生物产生耐药性。养猪场内的ARGs的分布如
生活在养猪场环境中的工人肠道微生物菌群失调风险较高,可能影响人体健康。据报道,相对于肉鸡养殖场,生猪养殖户粪便中ARGs含量更
当前我国生猪废水传统处理设施(如格栅、固液分离机、沉淀池、序列间歇式活性污泥反应器、人工湿地等),未应用于处理抗生素耐药基因和抗生素耐药细菌(antibiotic resistant bacteria,ARB
生物处理法是通过厌氧和好氧单独或结合使用对养猪废水进行处理,该方法可以有效处理常规污染物,如有机物(以化学需氧量(COD)形式表示)和总氮。然而,厌氧处理工艺不但不能完全去除养猪废水中的抗生素和ARGs,甚至可以为ARGs产生和转移创造有利条
厌氧和好氧结合使用有助于消减废水ARGs丰度。厌氧缺氧/好氧和厌氧短程硝化反硝化能有效降低养猪废水ARGs的绝对丰度和多样
传统的生物处理方法能耗高、运行成本高、剩余污泥处置困难,对于ARGs去除效率不理想,但目前国内养猪场大部分采用生物处理方法,需要研发出新技术或结合其他处理技术共同消减养猪废水中的ARGs。Li
养猪废水常用的物理化学法有消毒、膜分离、絮凝或芬顿氧化等。养猪废水处理中的消毒技术常使用紫外线消毒和氯消毒。紫外线消毒机制主要分为直接和间接2种机制,直接机制是紫外线直接穿透细胞壁、细胞膜和细胞质被核酸吸收;间接机制是细胞内的光敏物质吸收紫外线产生活性氧,氧化细胞膜、细胞质和核酸,从而杀灭细菌。理论上紫外线消毒是一种去除ARGs的可行方案,但在养猪废水处理系统使用紫外线对ARGs去除效率较
由此可见,减少养猪废水中ARGs,不能只使用简单的消毒方式,还应找出高效便捷的处理措施,使其处理方式达到最优状态。膜分离方法和金属破坏细胞方法虽然去除效率较高,但是所需成本高昂并且二次污染问题严重,与前2种方法相比,电化学方法尽管耗能较高,但它是最具有前瞻性、环保性的方法,是一种很好的用于去除ARGs的化学方法。
湿地技术是一种自然过程,具有运行和维护费用低廉的优点,自20世纪60年代以来被用于各种污水处理中,最初人们利用植被覆盖的天然湿地来处理农村或畜禽养殖污水,现已发展为利用人工模拟生态系统建造污水处理系
ARGs的去除受到人工湿地中植物、基质、微生物等组分的影
ARGs从动物养殖场向周围环境的传播已引起国内外学者广泛关注。养猪场的污水处理系统能够去除一部分ARGs,然而大多数抗生素和ARGs会在出水中残留,不同养殖规模、受纳环境及季节影响ARGs的检出。研究发现,在养猪场附近的水域中检测到抗生素的存在,例如,Zhou
在水环境中,ARGs可通过细菌或可移动遗传元件传播,废水的排放增加了受纳环境ARGs的丰度和多样性,从而影响地表水和土壤中的微生物生态。ARGs同样存在于周围河流中,如Yang
养猪场附近的农民常将废水使用到农田以促进蔬菜的生
生猪养殖废水是环境中ARGs的一个主要来源,受生猪养殖废水影响,各环境(水、空气、土壤)ARGs的浓度明显升高。本文重点对生猪养殖环境中ARGs从产生到进入环境的过程进行了介绍,特别是对不同养猪废水处理工艺ARGs迁移转化的差异进行了综述。在不同废水处理工艺中,生物处理方法中的厌氧工艺对于ARGs的去除率在3.5%~71%,好氧工艺甚至会增加ARGs的相对丰度,使用厌氧和好氧相结合的方式更有助于去除ARGs,而人工湿地技术去除ARGs的效率虽然高于生物处理方法,但多是吸附方式去除ARGs。基于目前的研究现状,提出未来研究的3点建议:
1)加强ARGs的源头控制、提高养猪废水处理过程中ARGs的清除效率(例如,使用益生元或优化操作条件),在保证生猪盈利能力和保护人类健康的同时,改进生猪养殖和废物管理策略,减少排放废水中ARGs的传播。
2)应强化深度处理过程。物理化学法去除ARGs具有前景性和高效性,未来ARGs的去除方法可以主要考虑物理化学法,但仍需不断优化条件以增加去除效率,同时制定养猪行业关于ARGs环境污染的相关标准,在不同工艺的污水处理环节加强对ARGs的监测。
3)建立养猪废水受纳环境ARGs预警体系,并开发出一类便携式的新型工具,其具有实用化、日常化等特性,可应用于实时测定养猪废水受纳环境中ARGs污染并提前报警。该预警体系应可防止人类因摄入含有ARGs污染的水或食物而导致抗生素耐药性在人类肠道的进一步传播。
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