To investigate the differences in rhizosphere microbial communities between pepper varieties with varying capsaicin contents and identify potential functional microorganisms involved in capsaicin synthesis, we performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of rhizosphere soil microbial communities from high- and low-capsaicin varieties. LEfSe (LDA > 3.0, P<0.05) and Spearman correlation analyses revealed that high-capsaicin varieties significantly enriched bacterial phyla (Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidota) and genera (Bacillus, Sphingomonas, Castellaniella), alongside fungal taxa (Mortierellomycota, Mortierella, and Humicola.). Notably, the bacterial genus, Devosia displayed a significant positive correlation with capsaicin content. These enriched dominant bacterial and fungal phyla and genera in rhizosphere of high-capsaicin varieties are associated with nutrient cycling in literature, suggesting their potential to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus availability and indirectly promote capsaicin biosynthesis. Devosia may represent a key functional genus, though mechanistic role requires further investigation.