The transformation of complex substrates in nature is driven by the division of labor among different species within microbial communities. Lignocellulose, the most abundant macromolecular biomass on Earth, holds significant societal, economic, and environmental benefits for its biotransformation. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP), integrating the traditional steps of enzyme production, hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single-step process, is considered the ideal form of lignocellulose conversion. Although metabolic engineering can enable CBP based on a single strain, the excessively high metabolic stress leads to unsatisfactory conversion efficiency. Allocating different steps to various strains, with the community achieving CBP, has become a focal point in lignocellulose conversion. However, due to a lack of systematic understanding and rational design of interspecies division of labor, the efficiency and stability of artificial microbial communities still need to be improved. This article focuses on the interspecies division of labor within natural lignocellulose-degrading communities, reviewing the current collaborative patterns between species from the perspectives of substrate synergistic hydrolysis, cross-feeding of nutritional factors, and "sugar cheaters" control. It also briefly introduces the application of interspecific division of labor in lignocellulose conversion, as well as the challenges and future development directions in studying the interspecies division of labor within natural lignocellulose communities, providing design principles for constructing CBP communities and promoting the efficient conversion of lignocellulose.