Consolidated bioprocessing （CBP） is considered as the most ideal form for lignocellulose conversion. Although the modification of metabolic engineering can achieve CBP based on a single strain， excessive metabolic pressure alone leads to the suboptimal transformation efficiency of strain. This article focused on the interspecific division in the microbial community of degrading natural lignocellulosic to systematically understand the interspecific division of labor and realize the rational design of CBP. The current patterns of interspecific division of labor were reviewed in terms of the synergistic hydrolysis of substrate， the cross-feeding of nutritional factors， and the restriction of “sugar cheaters”. The application of interspecific division of labor in lignocellulose conversion， the challenges and development directions of studying interspecific division in microbial communities of natural lignocellulose were introduced. It will provide principles for designing the construction of a microbial community with consolidated bioprocessing to promote the efficient biotransformation of lignocellulose.