High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA from endosymbiotic bacteria in potato leaves under drought stress was performed with Illumina Novaseq sequencing technology to understand the changes in the composition and structure of endosymbiotic bacteria in potatoes under drought stress. The effects of drought stress on the composition， structure， and diversity of endosymbiotic bacteria in potato leaves were studied. The results showed that 1 548 and 2 006 taxonomic sequences were obtained from potato leaves under normal watering and drought stress， respectively. Among them， 287 were unique OTUs under normal watering and 769 were unique OTUs under drought stress. Under drought stress， the abundance of the endosymbiotic bacteria candidatus Portiera and Arsenophonus decreased by 95.9% and 68.1% compared with that under normal watering， while the abundance of Muribaculaceae， Lachnospira， Lactobacillus， Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group， Rhizobium， Helicobacter， Streptococcus and Desulfovibrio increased by 203.8%，152.4%，81.8%，89.7%，285.6%，1 428.0%，112.0% and 148.4% respectively under drought stress compared with that under normal watering. The Shannon index and Simpson index under drought stress were significantly higher than that under normal watering， while the ACE index and Chao1 index under drought stress were not significantly different from that under normal watering. It is indicated that drought stress can affect the composition of endosymbiotic bacterial communities in potatoes. Under drought stress， the endosymbiotic dominant bacteria Actinomycetota and Bacillota were enriched， and the relative abundance of Burkholderiaceae bacteria increased， which may be the positive response of potato to drought stress.