The soil fertility and structural and functional characteristics of microbial community in rhizospheres of tomatoes during different growth periods were compared to construct an eco-cultivation system for tomato production with high yield and high quality and utilize the resources of beneficial microbes. The soil fertility and structural and functional characteristics of microbial （bacterial， fungal） community in rhizospheres of tomato at the stage of seedling， flower and bud differentiation， and fruiting were analyzed based on conventional and modern high-throughput sequencing techniques. The results showed that there were more abundant sources of carbon， nitrogen， and phosphorus in the rhizospheres of of tomatoes at the stage of fruiting in tomato. The structure and function of soil microbial community in rhizospheres of tomatoes had undergone significant changes during different growth periods. Among them， norank_f_norank_o_norank_c_KD4-96， norank_f_A4b and Bryobacter were the unique dominant bacterial genus in the rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of seedling.TM7a and Saccharomonospora were the unique dominant bacterial genus in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of flower and bud differentiation. Only Gemmatimonas was the unique dominant bacterial genus in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of fruiting. Moreover， Powellomyces was the unique dominant fungal genus in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of seedling， Apiotrichum and unclassified_f_Chytridiaceae were the unique dominant fungal genera in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of flower and bud differentiation， and Alternaria was the unique dominant fungal genus in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of fruiting. It is indicated that specific microbial communities were formed in rhizospheres of tomatoes at different stages of growth. Microorganisms enriched in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of seedling mainly produce hormones for plant growth. The enrichments of soil microorganisms in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of flower and bud differentiation primarily improve resistance for plants. Microorganisms enriched in rhizospheres of tomatoes at the stage of fruiting chiefly promote the nutrient cycling in soil.