首页 > 过刊浏览>2023年第42卷第5期 >168-177. DOI:10.13300/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2023.05.019
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水肥运筹对新疆灰漠土露地菜田水渗漏量和氮淋溶量的影响
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作者单位:

1.新疆农业大学资源与环境科学学院,乌鲁木齐 830052;2.新疆农业科学院土壤肥料与农业节水研究所/农业农村部西北绿洲农业环境重点实验室,乌鲁木齐 830091;3.新疆阿克苏地区农技中心,阿克苏 843000;4.乌鲁木齐市京诚检测技术有限公司,乌鲁木齐 830011

作者简介:

金秀勤，E-mail：1171075780@qq.com

通讯作者:

马兴旺，Email：maxw@xaas.ac.cn

中图分类号:

S158;S365

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划项目（2018YFD0800804）


Effects of water and fertilizer management on water infiltration and N leaching in open ground vegetable from grey desert soil in Xinjiang
Author:
Affiliation:

1.College of Resources and Environment， Xinjiang Agricultural University，Urumqi 830052，China;2.Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Agricultural Water Saving， Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Northwest Oasis Agricultural Environment， Urumqi 830091， China;3.Agricultural Technology Center in Aksu Prefecture， Aksu 843000， China;4.Jingcheng Testing Technology Co.， Ltd.， Urumqi 830011， China

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    摘要:

    为探究长期不同水肥管理模式下露地菜田土壤灌水渗漏和氮素淋溶损失特征，利用新疆平原露地菜田国控监测点2014-2017年监测数据，分析常规生产模式、关键减排模式、综合减排模式下土层深度0~90 cm处的产流量、氮素淋溶量。结果显示，常规生产模式下，平均年产流量285.2 m3/hm2，产流系数8.8%，总氮淋溶量为16.8 kg/hm2，是当季氮肥施用量的4.2%，其中硝态氮6.3 kg/hm2、铵态氮0.16 kg/hm2，总氮淋溶量为当季氮肥施用量的4.2%。与常规生产模式相比，关键减排模式显著增产4.0%，分别削减产流量11.4%、产流系数12.3%、总氮淋溶量21.0%；综合减排模式显著增产20.6%，分别削减产流量25.3%、产流系数61.3%、总氮淋溶量36.9%。结果表明，新疆灰漠土区蔬菜的常规施肥灌水模式会导致灌水渗漏，引起氮淋溶损失，通过减少施氮量、改进施肥方式能增产并减少灌水渗漏、降低氮淋溶量，减少施肥量的同时降低灌溉量可以更大幅度减少氮淋溶量、增加产量，重点是减少秋季土壤残留氮数量以降低冬季降雪融水造成的氮淋溶损失。

    Abstract:

    The monitoring data of the state-run monitoring sites of open ground vegetable fields in Xinjiang plain from 2014 to 2017 were used to study the characteristics of irrigation leakage and nitrogen （N） leaching loss in open ground vegetable fields under the different modes of water and fertilizer management in long term.The runoff volume and nitrogen leaching at a depth of 90 cm under conventional production mode， key mode of emission reduction （fertilizer application optimization）， and comprehensive mode of emission reduction （customary irrigation and N application） were analyzed.Results showed that the average annual water infiltration was 285.2 m3/hm2， the flow coefficient was 8.8%， and the total N leaching was 16.8 kg/hm2 under the conventional production mode， which was 4.2% of the seasonal N fertilizer application including 6.3 kg/hm2 of nitrate N， 0.16 kg/hm2 of ammonium N and 3.32 kg/hm2 organic N.Compared with the conventional production model， the key mode of emission reduction increased the yield by 4.0%， and reduced the runoff， the runoff coefficient and the total nitrogen leaching by 11.4%， 12.3% and 21.0%， respectively.The comprehensive mode of emission reduction significantly increased the yield by 20.6%， and reduced the runoff， the runoff coefficient and the total nitrogen leaching by 25.3%， 61.3% and 36.9%， respectively.It is indicated that the conventional production mode of open ground vegetables in grey desert soil area of Xinjiang lead to water leakage and nitrogen leaching loss.By reducing the amount of nitrogen application and improving fertilization methods， we can increase production and reduce irrigation leakage and nitrogen leaching amount.Reducing the amount of fertilizer application and irrigation at the same time can greatly reduce nitrogen leaching amount and increase yield.The key point is to reduce the amount of soil residual nitrogen in autumn to reduce nitrogen leaching loss caused by melting water in winter.

    表 2 不同水肥运筹下菜田的产流量与产流系数Table 2 Yield flow and yield flow coefficient of vegetable field under different water and fertilizer operation
    表 1 各处理生育期施肥灌溉方案Table 1 Fertilizer and irrigation program for each treatment fertility stage
    图1 田间渗漏池示意图Fig.1 Schematic diagram of field seepage pond
    图2 不同水肥运筹下的蔬菜产量Fig.2 Vegetable yield under different water and fertilizer operations
    图3 2014（A）、2015（B）、2016（C）和2017年（D）不同水肥运筹下的产流量Fig.3 Yield flow under different water and fertilizer operations in 2014 （A）， 2015 （B）， 2016 （C） and 2017 （D）
    图4 2014（A）、2015（B）、2016（C）和2017年（D）蔬菜各生育期总氮淋溶量Fig.4 Total N leaching from vegetables at each reproductive stage in 2014 （A）， 2015 （B）， 2016 （C） and 2017 （D）
    图5 2014（A）、2015（B）、2016（C）和2017年（D）蔬菜各生育期硝态氮淋溶量Fig.5 The leaching amount of nitrate nitrogen in each growth stage of vegetables in 2014 （A）， 2015 （B）， 2016 （C） and 2017（D）
    图6 2014（A）、2015（B）、2016（C）和2017年（D）蔬菜各生育期的铵态氮淋溶量Fig.6 Leaching amount of ammonium nitrogen in vegetables at different growth stages in 2014（A）， 2015（B）， 2016（C） and 2017（D）
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金秀勤,牛新湘,蒲胜海,杨涛,马红红,李磐,彭银双,马兴旺.水肥运筹对新疆灰漠土露地菜田水渗漏量和氮淋溶量的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,2023,42(5):168-177

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