The escalating problem of environmental pollution has rendered the impact of various environmental toxins on livestock reproductive systems a critical constraint on the development of the animal husbandry industry. This review systematically analyzes the mechanisms by which common agricultural environmental toxins—including mycotoxins, plasticizers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—impair oocyte quality. It specifically examines the pathways through which these toxins disrupt oocyte maturation and embryonic development, primarily by inducing oxidative stress, compromising cytoskeletal integrity, and triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the review comprehensively summarizes current research on protective strategies, with particular emphasis on the efficacy and molecular targets of natural compounds such as melatonin, grape seed proanthocyanidins, and glycine. From a practical animal husbandry perspective, the potential application of these protective agents in enhancing livestock reproductive efficiency is evaluated. Future research directions are proposed, including the development of holistic?in vivo?exposure models, investigation of combined toxin effects, and optimization of delivery systems for protective agents. This synthesis provides a theoretical foundation for mitigating reproductive disorders induced by environmental pollution.