Abstract:How to increase agricultural productivity with less resources and less impacts on the environment has been a great challenge to geneticists and breeders in the all world. Chinese scientists therefore proposed the notion of "Green Super Rice" (GSR) that promotes resource-saving and environment-friendly rice production coupled with increasing grain yield and quality. A large number of functional genes identified for desired traits such as high yield and superior quality, resistance to pests and diseases, tolerance to abiotic stresses, and high nutrient-use efficiency, have provided a rich resource for developing GSR in the breeding programs. Through the novel breeding strategies established with genomic selection and gene-specific selection, a batch of GSR cultivars with multiple desirable genes have been developed and widely adopted in China and other countries. The practices and achievements of GSR have led to a paradigm shift of the goals and models of crop genetic improvement. Here, we review the concept, development and achievements of GSR, and provide perspectives of developing green and nutritious rice cultivars to enhance the development of green agriculture.