This paper constructed an index system evaluating agricultural green development from four aspects of resource conservation, environmental friendliness, quality efficiency and living guarantee. On this basis, entropy method and Theil index were used to discuss the agricultural green development and its regional differences in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2017. The results show that since 2003, the overall agricultural green development level in the Yangtze River Economic Belt has been increasing, especially environmental friendliness, quality efficiency and living security have developed rapidly. However, the resource conservation has not improved enough. From the perspective of regional differences, the gap of the level of agricultural green development among provinces (cities) has been narrowing, but the narrowing speed of it has been slowing down. Therefore, this paper believes that the top-level design should be improved to promote the agricultural green development. Measures should be taken in line with local conditions to strengthen the weak links in the green development of agriculture in all provinces. We will strengthen innovation-driven development and improve the scientific and technological system for agricultural green development.