China’s black soil region is a critical grain production base，contributing approximately one quarter of the nation’s total grain output.Against the policy backdrop of black soil conservation and utilization，this study measures the grain production efficiency in China’s black soil area and employs methods such as Kernel Density Estimation，Moran’s I，β absolute convergence model，and spatial β absolute convergence model to conduct spatio-temporal evolution and convergence analyses.The findings are as follows：1） Temporally，the grain production efficiency in China’s black soil region has improved，accompanied by a noticeable reduction in regional disparities.Spatially，there is a notable positive spatial correlation，exhibiting a “high-high” clustering trend in geographical distribution，reflecting characteristics such as “demonstration-driven” and “point-to-area” development.2） There is significant β absolute convergence in grain production efficiency in China’s black soil region，where areas with lower efficiency tend to catch up with more efficient regions，gradually approaching higher levels of grain production efficiency.3） Significant spatial β absolute convergence is also observed，suggesting that the demonstration-driven effect among regions has promoted a synergistic improvement in grain production efficiency. Accordingly，the study recommends strengthening the development of demonstration counties （cities or districts） for black soil protection and utilization，adhering to local conditions，enhancing category-specific and phased policies，and promoting a gradual，long-term approach to the effective and sustainable use of black soil resources.