As the most fundamental component of the rural welfare system，the poverty alleviation effect of the subsistence allowance has received widespread attention in academia，but the impact of the subsistence allowance on the nutrition and health status of children in poverty-alleviated households is often overlooked.From the perspective of consumer behavior theory，this paper constructs a theoretical model to discuss the impact of subsistence allowances on the nutrition and health status of children from poverty-alleviated households.Using data from the China Family Panel Studies （CFPS） spanning three periods from 2010 to 2014，the study employs propensity score matching（PSM） and intermediary model to analyze the impact of subsistence allowances on children’s nutrition and health status and the underlying mechanisms.The research findings indicate that the subsistence allowance can improve the short-term nutrition of children，but does not affect their long-term nutrition and health outcomes.The mediating effect of the healthy food intake score on the short-term nutritional status was not significant，while excessive intake of unhealthy foods creates a masking effect in the relationship between the subsistence allowance system and children’s short-term nutritional status.Household food expenditure plays a partial mediating role.Regarding differences in the intensity of liquidity constraint，the improvement in children’s short-term nutrition status due to subsistence allowance weakens as the liquidity constraints faced by poverty-alleviated households increase.Therefore，it is evident that China’s subsistence allowance system still requires improvement，and it is necessary to actively explore a conditional cash transfer payment model suitable for China’s national conditions，as well as to establish and improve a transfer payment system with Chinese characteristics.