Scientific measurement and analysis of the ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in China under the “dual carbon” target have important reference value for achieving the sustainable use of cultivated land， and the high-quality development of agriculture and rural areas. Taking the connotation of ecological efficiency of cultivated land use as the starting point，this paper constructs an evaluation index system for ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in China from the perspectives of carbon sequestration， carbon emissions， and non-point source pollution. In addition，this paper analyzes the temporal-spatial differentiation， regional differences， dynamic evolution， and convergence of ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in China from 2001 to 2020 using methods such as the mixed super efficiency SBM-DEA model， Dagum Gini coefficient， Kernel density estimation， and spatial convergence model， which include unexpected outputs. The results are as follows： ①The ecological efficiency of cultivated land utilization at the provincial level in China was relatively high， but showed a downward trend. The ecological efficiency of cultivated land utilization in the three major grain functional areas showed a regional distribution pattern in which the efficiency inmain grain sales area is higher than that of the grain production and marketing balance area which in turn is higher than that of main grain production area. ② Inter-regional differences and intra-regional differences are the main sources of regional differences in the ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in China. The Gini coefficient in the main grain producing areas and grain production and marketing balance areas is higher than the overall Gini coefficient in the country. ③ Except for the main grain producing areas， there is a certain degree of polarization or multi-level differentiation in the ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in the whole country and other grain functional areas. ④ In addition to the divergence characteristics in the main grain production areas， there are different degrees of σ convergence， absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence in the whole country，even in the main grain sales areas and the grain production and marketing balance areas. In addition， the level of economic development， scientific and technological progress and urbanization rate and other factors have significant heterogeneity in their impact on the ecological efficiency of cultivated land use in different grain functional areas.