Based on clarifying the new-type urbanization level and agricultural carbon emissions efficiency of 30 provinces in China， this paper explores their coupling coordination level and analyzes its spatio-temporal differentiation and trend evolution characteristics by using coordinated development degree model， spatial autocorrelation model and spatial Markov chain. The results show that in 2020， the level of new-type urbanization ranked highest in Beijing and lowest in Guangxi， and all provinces have achieved varying degrees of improvement compared to 2005， with the largest increase in Guizhou. In terms of agricultural carbon emission efficiency in 2020， Tianjin ranked highest and Shanxi ranked lowest. Except for Shanghai， the efficiency values of the other 29 provinces have improved to varying degrees， with the largest increase in Qinghai. The coupling coordination degree between new-type urbanization and agricultural carbon emission efficiency in 2020 was the highest in Beijing and the lowest in Xinjiang； Compared with 2005， the coupling coordination degree has significantly improved in 29 provinces except for Shanghai， and 27 of them had achieved hierarchical leap. Overall， by 2020， the coupling coordination level of the majority of provinces has reached an intermediate or higher lever. Throughout the study period， the coupling coordination degree of China’s provinces exhibited obvious spatial clustering characteristics， with high values usually being adjacent to one or more high-value provinces and low values adjacent to one or more high-value provinces. Meanwhile， the overall patern in China is still dominated by low-low agglomeration at present， and the coupling coordination degree of central and western provinces is significantly lagging behind. It is difficult for the coupling coordination degree between new-type urbanization and agricultural carbon emission efficiency of each province to achieve hierarchical leaps in the short term. However， after introducing spatial geographical factors， the stability of the coupling coordination degree has shown a trend of instability and is prone to the occurrence of the Matthew effect where the strong become stronger and the weak become weaker.