From the perspective of carbon neutrality and the balance between carbon fixation and carbon emissions from agricultural land use， this paper uses Super-SBM model to calculate the agricultural land use efficiency of 31 provinces from 2005 to 2019，and analyzes the spatio-temporal characteristics and dynamic evolution trend of agricultural land use efficiency. The geographically and temporally weighted regression （GTWR） is used to investigate the spatio-temporal heterogeneity and evolution of influencing factors. The results show that： 1） The overall level of agricultural land use efficiency in China had risen to a high efficiency level with Southwest China being the highest，but showing a downward trend with time and North China and Northwest China stuck in “involution”. The regional gap of agricultural land use efficiency in China showed a trend of “expanding-shrinking-expanding”； 2） GTWR model was better than OLS model and GWR model with planting structure having the greatest positive impact on agricultural land use efficiency； 3） The intensity and direction of influencing factors of agricultural land use efficiency showed spatio-temporal heterogeneity； 4） The changing trends of influencing factors of agricultural land use efficiency from the east to the west was greater than that from the south to the north. The urbanization rate had the most sensitive influence on the agricultural land use efficiency from the east to the west.The multiple cropping index had the most sensitive influence on agricultural land use efficiency from the south to the north. Finally，It provides inspiration for making policies of low carbon and efficient utilization of agricultural land according to local conditions.