This paper constructed a theoretical analysis framework for farmers’ fertilization behavior from the multidimensional perspectives of economics， psychology and sociology. Considering farmers’ heterogeneity and fertilization diversity， we used multinomial Logistic model and propensity score matching model to analyze the fertilization behavior of farmers based on 2132 survey data of farm household from six provinces. Results showed that the stronger the economy， the more farmers tend to use chemical fertilizer and manure，the increase in cognition promotes the application of organic fertilizer and the increase in farmers’ awareness of social norms stimulates them to apply manure. Economy， cognition and social norm could reasonably explain farmers’ fertilization behavior， but the seeming theoretical differences in different disciplines conceals the essence of complementarity among disciplines. The heterogeneity of farmers suggests that when the annual family income is high， the economy improvement makes the farmers more inclined to use manure， and when the annual family income is low， the economy improvement makes the farmers more inclined to use chemical fertilizer. When the family income is mainly from agriculture， the increase of economy promotes the farmers’ application of chemical fertilizer and manure. On the contrary， the economy has no impact on the fertilization behavior of the farmers. When the annual family income is low or is dominated by agricultural income， risk avoidance encourages farmers to mix fertilization. Therefore， the research on farmers’ fertilization behavior should take into account the specific context of rural China, the multidimensional attributes of farmers’ fertilization behavior and the heterogeneity of farmers， and adopt context-specific policies to improve the accuracy of policies. It is advisable to take a variety of measures， such as improving farmers’ cognition， strengthening rural social norms， orderly promoting the transfer of farmland， expanding the operation scale， and widening the income channels of farmers， to encourage farmers to use organic fertilizer and reduce the application of chemical fertilizer.