In this paper，trade margins of China’s agricultural imports from five Central Asian countries from 1992 to 2020 are estimated by using the HS-6 data in the UN COMTRADE database，and its determinants of different margins are further analyzed.The results show that the contribution of different trade margins to China’s import share of agricultural products from Central Asia varies greatly from country to country.In general，the increase of China’s import share of agricultural products from Central Asia is mainly driven by the quantity margin.The increase of China’s import share from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are driven by the extensive margin and quantity margin consecutively.The increase of import share from Tajikistan and Turkmenistan almost completely depends on the increase of quantity margin.The increase in the share of imports from Uzbekistan is caused by the increase of both the extensive margin and the price margin，but this trend is weakening.Moreover，in recent years，China’s import of wheat and oil products from Central Asia continues to grow and further tapping its import potential is of great significance to China’s strategy of ensuring the supply of important agricultural products.Additionally，from the perspective of influencing factors，geographical distance and joining Shanghai Cooperation Organization have a significant positive effect on extensive margin，and the interaction term between China’s foreign investment stock and agricultural production efficiency of five countries in Central Asia has a significant positive effect on market share and price margin.An improved understanding of the growth sources of the trade margins can benefit target-specific trade policies.In the future，China，as the demand side，should exert greater initiative and focus on promoting the improvement of agricultural production capacity of the Central Asian countries and the implementation of bilateral trade agreements by means of foreign investment，which is a win-win strategy for both the agricultural development in Central Asia and China’s strategic goal of import diversification.