Improving the development ability of population lifted out of poverty and promoting them to become better off are the key task of rural revitalization during post poverty era.Theoretical analysis shows that the development ability of population lifted out of poverty is mainly composed of the abilities related to social capital， human capital， financial capital， material capital and natural capital. Empirical research shows that the current living standard of population lifted out of poverty is far from the requirements of common prosperity. It is needed to improve the development capacity of population lifted out of poverty under the guidance of poverty alleviation and leading to prosperity. The development ability of population lifted out of poverty has a significant positive impact on their living standards. The degree of impact from large to small is learning ability， anti-risk ability， employment and entrepreneurship ability， health security ability， social communication ability， natural resource utilization ability， developing production ability， credit fund acquisition and utilization ability， social resource utilization ability and basic living ability. Population lifted out of poverty should renew their ideas and take the initiative to enhance their development capacity.The government should deepen reform and improve the system to ensure supply. Grass-roots cadres should perform their duties and strengthen the ability of grass-roots governance. Social organizations should be deeply engaged in undertaking social responsibility.All these feasible options should be taken to improve the development ability of population lifted out of poverty and help them to become rich.