Village-based assistance is an important mechanism to effectively implement the poverty alleviation strategy and continues into the period of rural revitalization. The interaction between cadres and farmers in the practice of assistance is essentially reflected in the mobilization of cadres and the participation of farmers, and the coordination and matching degree of mobilization and participation have an impact on the performance of assistance and the effect of rural governance. Accordingly, this paper constructs a correlation analysis framework between ‘mobilization-participation’ synergy and the effectiveness of rural governance. Taking three villages in Liaoning as an example, this paper studies the interaction between village resident cadres and farmers in the practice of assistance and its internal logic, and then provides intellectual support for the effective operation of the village assistance mechanism. The research shows that responsive mobilization of village resident cadres and governance participation of farmers jointly form a highly collaborative positive interaction.The lack of interaction between the administrative mobilization of the village resident cadres and the participation of farmers in the defence of their rights creates a conflict situation. The lack of participation by farmers despite the responsive mobilization of village resident cadres is mainly due to a lack of capacity and the lack of participation of farmers despite the administrative mobilization of village resident cadres is mainly due to the lack of willingness to participate. Moreover, the responsiveness of village resident cadres’ mobilization is related to the governance of farmers’ participation, and jointly affects the mobilization-participation synergy. Mobilization-participation synergy has a positive impact on the effectiveness of relationship interaction and jointly promotes the effectiveness of rural governance. Furthermore, the core transformation mechanism from passive interaction to active interaction is to improve the responsiveness of the mobilization of village resident cadres, thereby promoting the participation of farmers’ in governance, activating the endogenous resource endowment of the village, and finally achieving the ideal state of high coordination, active interaction and effective governance.