Based on the dual explanatory framework of endogenous motivation and capability，the survey data from Hubei，Hunan，Guizhou and Sichuan provinces are used to analyze the impact of sense of responsibility and resource endowment on peasants’level of participation in social governance. The study found that the level of peasants’ participation in social governance is low，showing the structural characteristics of “participation inpolitical construction > participation in cultural construction >participation in social services >participation in economic construction”. In terms of groups diversity，the level of participation in social governance of returning peasants is lower than that of peasants who have no experience of working outside the home. Both the sense of responsibility and resource endowment have positive impacts on raising the level of peasants’ participation in social governance，and are more significant among younger and returning peasants. In addition，the control variables of interest relevance and self-efficacy also have positive impacts on the level of peasants’participation in social governance. Therefore，in the practice of rural governance，it is necessary to highlight the main position of peasants，strengthen their sense of responsibility，improve mechanism of linking interests，and enhance their resource endowment and sense of self-efficacy.