With the development of rural entrepreneurship and innovation,the farmers' entrepreneurial behavior has become increasingly active. Based on the investigation of cases in Jing County and Ningguo County in Anhui Province,this paper adopts the methods of differential replication and itembyitem replication and takes resource patchwork as the intermediary variable from the resourcebased theory to establish and explore the relationship and mechanism between entrepreneurial selfefficacy,resource patchwork,and farmers’ entrepreneurial performance. The conclusion is as follows. From the perspective of entrepreneurs,entrepreneurial selfefficacy does affect entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial behavior and can play a positive role. From the perspective of enterprise development,entrepreneurs will take more multiple measures to promote the growth of enterprises and realize the improvement of corporate performance. From the comparison of cases,entrepreneurs with high entrepreneurial selfefficacy have taken multiple measures to promote the improvement of corporate performance and the effect is significant. Although entrepreneurs with low selfefficacy have taken some measures,the effect is not obvious,and they can only maintain the current scale of the enterprise or improve the enterprise performance slowly. Therefore,this paper suggests that training,guidance,government support,and other measures can be taken to actively create a better entrepreneurial environment for farmers and entrepreneurs to promote the improvement of entrepreneurial performance.