Employing the methods of OLS,TEM and PSM,this paper conducted empirical study to analyze the influence of farmland ownership on agricultural planting structure based on the data from the China Labor Dynamic Survey (CLDS). The results show that:(1) Compared with farmers without the contractual management right certificate,those granted this certificate factually claim approximately 22.5% of the farmland to grow grain and 1.8% for fruit trees. Yet the area for vegetable planting makes no obvious difference to the two groups of farmers. (2) In the major grain-producing area or outskirts of large or medium-sized cities,farmers are generally expected to increase their farmland due to the improvement of the security of farmland owenership. The large growers tend to plant fruits. And the incentive effect of farmland ownership on fruit trees planting in the non-food main producing areas outweighs that in the main grain producing areas. (3) The irrigation condition is another contributive factor to the effect of farmland ownership on agricultural planting structure. Accordingly,farmers could be motivated for farm work if granted the farmland ownership and the grain-oriented planting structure could be built due to the improvement of agricultural infrastructure,particularly in case of the domination of small-scale peasant economy nowadays.