Abstract:With proposition of the “Poverty Alleviation for A Group of People by Eco-compensation”,eco-compensation has been granted with a new mission of poverty alleviation. Quantitative study of eco-compensation influences on peasant households’ capitals helps to reveal actual poverty alleviation effects of existing eco-compensation policies. Based on the Sustainable Livelihood Analysis Framework proposed by Department for International Development in Britain,the measurement index was established to measure and calculate livelihood capitals of 432 peasant household samples in three poverty-stricken counties in Guizhou Province. The influential factors of peasant households’ livelihood capitals were analyzed through seemingly unrelated estimation. Research results show that:the overall livelihood capital level of peasant households included in eco-compensation policy is lower than that of peasant households excluded from ecocompensation policy,wherein the natural capital of peasant households included is higher than that of peasant households excluded,and their human capital,material capital and social capital are lower than those of peasant households excluded. Different types of compensation manners could bring obvious different influences on peasant households’ livelihood capital. Direct cash compensation focuses on improving material conditions for the future development of peasant households and improving fragile backgrounds in their production and life; indirect compensation based on public benefit jobs could enhance peasant households’ endogenous development ability; both of them could play a complementary role to promote livelihood capital construction of peasant households. For this purpose,it is necessary to further increase public fiscal investments of eco-compensation in poverty-stricken areas and give play to cooperative roles of different compensation projects so as to let peasant households obtain substantial benefits from ecologic protection.