Improving the efficiency of agricultural production is one of the important objectives of China’s agricultural farmland circulation policy. Based on the survey data of 346 households in China’s main grain producing areas,this paper uses one-stepstochastic frontier analysis function to measure the agricultural production efficiency of the two types of farmers who participate in or not participate in the farmland circulation from the three dimensions of gross output value,land productivity and labor productivity and tests the external factors influencing the technical efficiency of the two types of farmers.The result shows that farmland circultion,quality of agricultural labor force and scale of land have positive impact on technical efficiency of grain’s production,and the degree of land fragmentation,distance between farmers’ farmland and town have a significant negative effect on technical efficiency.Therefore,this paper puts forward some policy suggestions on how to further promote the farmland circulation and strengthen agricultural human capital investment.