Abstract:Following the operating logic of market-oriented labor relationship and applying the theories and methods of political economics,this paper finds that economic efficiency is the primary goal of market economy,fair distribution is the prerequisite for market economy development,labor relationship is fundamental in market economy society,and the developing objective of labor relationship between peasant workers and private-owned enterprises is to aim at the equilibrium between enterprises operating efficiency and fair interest distribution during the transition period.Now the non-equilibrium labor relationship between peasant works and private-owned enterprises has been formed with the characteristics of high efficiency but low fairness,unfavorable to optimizing allocation of labor resources,cooperative governing of labor relationship,shaping reasonable social stratum structure,getting consensus of labor ethics and coordinating interest relationship.The fairness and efficiency in labor relationship could be achieved by deepening the reform of household registration system,restoring the identity of peasant workers,strengthening government’s function in governing labor relationship,safeguarding peasant workers’ labor rights,promoting the regular development of peasant workers’ organizations,improving organizations’ ability to maintain legal rights,pushing forward the upgrading of private-owned enterprises and fostering the core competitiveness