Based on the sample of rural residents from CGSS 2010, this paper uses Probit and Relogit econometrical model to analyze the impact of relationship capital and trust capital in social capital and internal political efficacy on the behavior of environmental rights protection. The result shows that firstly, the environmental concerns, class identity, marital status and internal political efficacy have significant positive effects on the behavior of safeguarding rights.Secondly, the horizontal relationship capital, interpersonal trust and internal political efficacy significantly affect the beyondsystem behavior of environmental rights protection, and the trust in the central government has also strengthened the expansionary effect of internal political efficacy, and age has a negative effect. Therefore, this paper proposes several suggestions on how to enhance the publicity of environmental regulations and laws of central government, how to improve the governance capacity of local governments and how to perfect the management system of grassroot organizations.