Based on the agricultural output value per unit cultivated land and data of 2003-2012,this paper studies the comprehensive output of spatial difference of China's cultivated land by using Theil index and Shapley value decomposition.The result shows that the comprehensive output of spatial difference of China's cultivated land has the tendency of “reduce-increase” alternation.The internal difference of interprovincial cultivated land comprehensive output in the eastern,middle and western regions of China all have inflection point,and decomposition in eight areas shows that comprehensive output of cultivated land in middle reaches of the Yellow River and northeastern China is the most unbalanced.Cultivated land,agricultural machinery,rural education and multiple crop index are all factors influencing the spatial difference of cultivated land comprehensive output,among which the investment of agricultural machinery and rural education are weakening the interprovincial comprehensive output differences of cultivated land,while the role of multiple crop index is strengthening,and cultivated land in recent years has become the making-up factors for the difference of cultivated land comprehensive output.