我国农地产权的法律主体与实践载体的变迁
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2013中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金项目“城镇化中农地非农化、农民市民化及财政供给的耦合与政策创新研究”(CCNU13A06011); 教育部哲学社会科学重大攻关项目“新时期我国农村综合改革研究”(2012JZD023);湖北三农研究院2013年度调研项目“土地集约利用及农民权益保障研究”(HBSNYJ-2013-05)。


Changes of Legal Subject and Practical Carrier of Rural Land Property Rights in China
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    摘要:

    本文从法律、政策及实践的角度对新中国成立以来农村土地产权的法律主体及实践载体进行了考察。指出新中国成立以来农村土地产权制度经历了“私有私用”“私有公用”“公有公用”和“公有私用”4个时期,不同时期土地产权的所有权、占有权、经营权、受益权及处置权的归属和配置不尽相同,产权的法律主体和实践载体也屡有变化。改革前的人民公社时期,基本核算单位及集体产权主体从公社所有到生产大队所有再到生产队所有不断下沉;在废除人民公社过程中,不同省市和地区在乡镇、村委会及村民小组的建置及各级集体经济组织的设置方式上不尽相同,对原有集体土地的产权归属做出不尽相同的制度安排。但从法律、历史及实践来看,村民委员会作为村民自治组织本身并不是集体经济及集体土地产权的主体,绝大多数地区村民小组(原生产队)及其集体单位是集体土地产权的真正主体和载体。为此,当前必须正本清源,进一步清理、明晰和固化集体产权主体,推进村级“经社分开” “村社分离”,在确认和保障农民及农民集体完整的土地产权的同时,让农村土地等集体资产和资源真正流动起来,促进农村及整个国家经济和社会的发展。

    Abstract:

    This paper studies the legal subjects and practical carriers of rural land property since the fouding of new China from the perspectives of law,policy and practice and points out that rural land property system has experienced four stages of private possession and private use,private possession and public use,public possession and public use as well as public possession and private use.In different stages,the adscription and allocation of ownership,rights of possession,operational rights,beneficial rights and right of disposal are different and legal rights and practical carriers of property are always changing.During the period of the people' s commune before the reformation,the basic accounting unit and collective property subjects gradually went down from ownship by commune to ownship by production brigadge to ownership by production team.During the process of abolishing people’s commune,different provinces adopted different ways to establish towns,viillagers committees,villagers groups and collective economic organizations at all levels and also differently arrange property ownerships of original collective land.However,from the practice of law and history,villagers committees,as the villagers’ autonomous organizations,are not the real subjects and carriers of collective economy and collective land property,in most areas,villagers groups(formerly called production teams) and their collective units are the real subjects and carriers of collective land property.Therefore,it is now urgent to radically reform,further clear and solidify the subjects of collective property.At the same time,transformation into the joint-stock system should be carried out in rural collective economy and “seperation of economy and community,separation of villages and community should be pushed forward.Under the confirmation and ensurance of farmers and rural collective integrated land property,we should try to push forward the flow of collective assets and resources such as rural land so as to promote the development of countryside and the whole national economy and society.

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项继权.我国农地产权的法律主体与实践载体的变迁[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2014(1):5-14

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