The particularity of agricultural science and technology resources decides the complexity of the definition of property. Therefore, it is important to decompose agricultural science and technology resources property rights in order to improve its allocation efficiency. According to the elements of the agricultural science and technology resources, this paper defined and decomposed agricultural science and technology resources property rights, put forward optimization measures of agricultural science and technology resources property rights, built up relatively complete property rights and compensation mechanism and proposed to carry out appropriate protection on agricultural science and technology resources property rights.