Based on differences between productivity and efficiency of water resources, this paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of agricultural water resource utilization efficiency. Water adjustment target ratio is chosen as the empirical index. Water resource utilization efficiency is tested by DEA on the basis of balanced panel data in China from 1999 to 2006.The result shows that agricultural water resource utilization in the eastern part of China has the highest efficiency, followed by central area and it has the lowest efficiency in the western area. The gap of utilization efficiency among provinces is big. This paper summarizes the rules of temporal evolution for water utilization efficiency, that is, provinces with higher efficiency have made great improvements gradually, while provinces with lower efficiency have made small changes.