With the publication of Marx's“Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”in 1932, many scholars, according to the actual conditions of contemporary society, interprets Marxist theory of alienation and derives many of their own unique theory from it. The contemporary alienation theory and Marx’s theory of alienation is not only inextricably linked, but also has a very clear distinction.From the perspectives of alienation theory under absolute poverty and relative poverty circumstances,the expansion of the connotation and extension of the concept of alienation,and development of comtemporary alienation theory, this paper discusses the differences between contemporary alienation theory and Marx's theory of alienation in details. Meanwhile, this paper also discusses the connection between the above two theories from the following three aspects: impact of Marx's theory on contemporary alienation theory, the common criticism on alienated labor from alienation theory in two periods of time, and the common criticism on commodity fetishism.