The abuse of illicit drug has become a serious problem in China.This paper, after studying the interaction of risk cost, safety incentive of enterprises and food safety governance, examines legal environment influencing risk probability and risk loss.The result shows that the fundamental reason that illicit drug abuse can’t be banned lies in the fact that the risk cost for the enterprise is too low；while the poor governance performance in clenobuterol hydrochloride by government is due to the weak supervision of current food safety. In order to construct food safety governance mechanism, it is essential to internalize the social cost into risk cost of enterprises and induce the firm’ self-discipline. This paper clearly proposes that food safety governance should take the enhancement of risk cost as the basic ideas and food safety environmental governance should focus on increasing enterprise risk cost and attaching importance to the improvement of completeness and matching of environmental conditions.